柚Citrus maxima
中文名（Chinese Name）：柚
学名（Scientific Name）：Citrus maxima (Burm. f.) Merr.
英文名（English Common Name）：shaddock
别名（Chinese Common Name）：文旦
异名（Synonym）：Citrus grandis × ? Aurantium maximum Burm. Citrus kwangsiensis Hu Bogenhardia grandis Tseng Citrus decumana (L.) L. Aurantium decumana (L.) Mill. Aurantium decumanum (L.) Mill. Aurantium distortum Mill. Aurantium vulgare (Risso) M. Gómez Citrus costata Raf. Citrus aurantium subsp. aurantiifolia (Christm.) Guillaumin Citrus aurantium subsp. decumana (L.) Tanaka Citrus aurantium var. crassa Risso Citrus aurantium var. dulcis Hayne Citrus aurantium var. fetifera Risso Citrus aurantium var. lusitanica Risso Citrus aurantium var. vulgaris (Risso) Risso & Poit. Citrus grandis var. yamabuki (Tanaka) Karaya Citrus obovoidea Yu.Tanaka Citrus pompelmos Risso Citrus sinensis subsp. suntara (Engl.) Engl. Citrus sinensis var. brassiliensis Tanaka Citrus sinensis var. sanguinea (Engl.) Engl. Citrus sinensis var. sekkan Hayata Citrus yamabuki Yu.Tanaka
科属（Family & Genus）：芸香科（Rutaceae）柑橘属
形态特征（Description）：乔木。嫩枝、叶背、花梗、花萼及子房均被柔毛，嫩叶通常暗紫红色，嫩枝扁且有棱。叶质颇厚，色浓绿，阔卵形或椭圆形，连冀叶长9-16厘米，宽4-8厘米，或更大，顶端钝或圆，有时短尖，基部圆，翼叶长2-4厘米，宽0.5-3厘米，个别品种的翼叶甚狭窄。总状花序，有时兼有腋生单花；花蕾淡紫红色，稀乳白色；花萼不规则5-3浅裂；花瓣长1.5-2厘米；雄蕊25-35枚，有时部分雄蕊不育；花柱粗长，柱头略较子房大。果圆球形，扁圆形，梨形或阔圆锥状，横径通常10厘米以上，淡黄或黄绿色，杂交种有朱红色的，果皮甚厚或薄，海绵质，油胞大，凸起，果心实但松软，瓢囊10-15或多至19瓣，汁胞白色、粉红或鲜红色，少有带乳黄色；种子多达200余粒，亦有无子的，形状不规则，通常近似长方形，上部质薄且常截平，下部饱满，多兼有发育不全的，有明显纵肋棱，子叶乳白色，单胚。花期4-5月，果期9-12月。
分布（Distribution）：长江以南各地，最北限见于河南省信阳及南阳一带，全为栽培。
用途（Use）：
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 11 Page 91, 93, 94, 95
Citrus maxima (Burman) Merrill, Interpr. Herb. Amboin. 296. 1917.
柚 you | Rutaceae | Citrus
Aurantium maximum Burman in Rumphius & Burman, Herb. Amboin. Auctuar. 7: Index [16]. 1755; A. decumanum (Linnaeus) Miller; Citrus ×aurantium Linnaeus subsp. decumana (Linnaeus) Tanaka; C. ×aurantium var. decumana Linnaeus; C. ×aurantium f. grandis (Linnaeus) Hiroe; C. ×aurantium var. grandis Linnaeus; C. costata Rafinesque; C. decumana (Linnaeus) Linnaeus; C. grandis (Linnaeus) Osbeck; C. grandis var. pyriformis (Hasskarl) Karaya; C. grandis var. sabon (Siebold ex Hayata) Hayata; ?C. kwangsiensis Hu; C. medica Linnaeus subf. pyriformis (Hasskarl) Hiroe; C. obovoidea Yu. Tanaka; C. pampelmos Risso; C. pompelmos Risso; C. pyriformis Hasskarl; C. sabon Siebold ex Hayata.
Trees. Young branches, abaxial surface of leaves, peduncles, and ovaries pilose. Branches usually purplish, flat with ridges when young. Petiole 2-4 × 0.5-3 cm or less, winged; leaf blade broadly ovate or elliptic, 9-16 × 4-8 cm or larger, thick, dark green, base rounded, apex rounded to obtuse and sometimes mucronate. Flowers solitary or in racemes; flower buds purplish or rarely milky white. Calyx 3-5-lobed. Petals 1.5-2 cm. Stamens 25-35, some undeveloped. Style long and thick. Fruit pale yellow and yellowish green, globose, oblate, pyriform, or broadly obconic, usually more than 10 cm in diam., with large prominent oil dots, to 200-seeded or seedless; pericarp spongy; sarcocarp with 10-15(-19) segments, white, pink, reddish, or rarely milky yellow. Seeds irregularly shaped, with conspicuous ridges, undeveloped seeds numerous; embryo solitary; cotyledons milky white. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Sep-Dec. 2n = 18, 36.
Cultivated and naturalized in S China [probably native to SE Asia].
Pomelo or shaddock includes cultivars with round to obovoid fruit much favored for festival decoration as well as eating. No truly wild plants (presumably with much smaller fruit) have been seen. Citrus maxima is a parent with C. reticulata of C. ×aurantium.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Citrus maxima (Burm. f.) Merr.
英文名（English Common Name）：shaddock
别名（Chinese Common Name）：文旦
异名（Synonym）：Citrus grandis × ? Aurantium maximum Burm. Citrus kwangsiensis Hu Bogenhardia grandis Tseng Citrus decumana (L.) L. Aurantium decumana (L.) Mill. Aurantium decumanum (L.) Mill. Aurantium distortum Mill. Aurantium vulgare (Risso) M. Gómez Citrus costata Raf. Citrus aurantium subsp. aurantiifolia (Christm.) Guillaumin Citrus aurantium subsp. decumana (L.) Tanaka Citrus aurantium var. crassa Risso Citrus aurantium var. dulcis Hayne Citrus aurantium var. fetifera Risso Citrus aurantium var. lusitanica Risso Citrus aurantium var. vulgaris (Risso) Risso & Poit. Citrus grandis var. yamabuki (Tanaka) Karaya Citrus obovoidea Yu.Tanaka Citrus pompelmos Risso Citrus sinensis subsp. suntara (Engl.) Engl. Citrus sinensis var. brassiliensis Tanaka Citrus sinensis var. sanguinea (Engl.) Engl. Citrus sinensis var. sekkan Hayata Citrus yamabuki Yu.Tanaka
科属（Family & Genus）：芸香科（Rutaceae）柑橘属
形态特征（Description）：乔木。嫩枝、叶背、花梗、花萼及子房均被柔毛，嫩叶通常暗紫红色，嫩枝扁且有棱。叶质颇厚，色浓绿，阔卵形或椭圆形，连冀叶长9-16厘米，宽4-8厘米，或更大，顶端钝或圆，有时短尖，基部圆，翼叶长2-4厘米，宽0.5-3厘米，个别品种的翼叶甚狭窄。总状花序，有时兼有腋生单花；花蕾淡紫红色，稀乳白色；花萼不规则5-3浅裂；花瓣长1.5-2厘米；雄蕊25-35枚，有时部分雄蕊不育；花柱粗长，柱头略较子房大。果圆球形，扁圆形，梨形或阔圆锥状，横径通常10厘米以上，淡黄或黄绿色，杂交种有朱红色的，果皮甚厚或薄，海绵质，油胞大，凸起，果心实但松软，瓢囊10-15或多至19瓣，汁胞白色、粉红或鲜红色，少有带乳黄色；种子多达200余粒，亦有无子的，形状不规则，通常近似长方形，上部质薄且常截平，下部饱满，多兼有发育不全的，有明显纵肋棱，子叶乳白色，单胚。花期4-5月，果期9-12月。
分布（Distribution）：长江以南各地，最北限见于河南省信阳及南阳一带，全为栽培。
用途（Use）：
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 11 Page 91, 93, 94, 95
Citrus maxima (Burman) Merrill, Interpr. Herb. Amboin. 296. 1917.
柚 you | Rutaceae | Citrus
Aurantium maximum Burman in Rumphius & Burman, Herb. Amboin. Auctuar. 7: Index [16]. 1755; A. decumanum (Linnaeus) Miller; Citrus ×aurantium Linnaeus subsp. decumana (Linnaeus) Tanaka; C. ×aurantium var. decumana Linnaeus; C. ×aurantium f. grandis (Linnaeus) Hiroe; C. ×aurantium var. grandis Linnaeus; C. costata Rafinesque; C. decumana (Linnaeus) Linnaeus; C. grandis (Linnaeus) Osbeck; C. grandis var. pyriformis (Hasskarl) Karaya; C. grandis var. sabon (Siebold ex Hayata) Hayata; ?C. kwangsiensis Hu; C. medica Linnaeus subf. pyriformis (Hasskarl) Hiroe; C. obovoidea Yu. Tanaka; C. pampelmos Risso; C. pompelmos Risso; C. pyriformis Hasskarl; C. sabon Siebold ex Hayata.
Trees. Young branches, abaxial surface of leaves, peduncles, and ovaries pilose. Branches usually purplish, flat with ridges when young. Petiole 2-4 × 0.5-3 cm or less, winged; leaf blade broadly ovate or elliptic, 9-16 × 4-8 cm or larger, thick, dark green, base rounded, apex rounded to obtuse and sometimes mucronate. Flowers solitary or in racemes; flower buds purplish or rarely milky white. Calyx 3-5-lobed. Petals 1.5-2 cm. Stamens 25-35, some undeveloped. Style long and thick. Fruit pale yellow and yellowish green, globose, oblate, pyriform, or broadly obconic, usually more than 10 cm in diam., with large prominent oil dots, to 200-seeded or seedless; pericarp spongy; sarcocarp with 10-15(-19) segments, white, pink, reddish, or rarely milky yellow. Seeds irregularly shaped, with conspicuous ridges, undeveloped seeds numerous; embryo solitary; cotyledons milky white. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Sep-Dec. 2n = 18, 36.
Cultivated and naturalized in S China [probably native to SE Asia].
Pomelo or shaddock includes cultivars with round to obovoid fruit much favored for festival decoration as well as eating. No truly wild plants (presumably with much smaller fruit) have been seen. Citrus maxima is a parent with C. reticulata of C. ×aurantium.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
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