高粱Sorghum bicolor
中文名（Chinese Name）：高粱
学名（Scientific Name）：Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
英文名（English Common Name）：sorghum
别名（Chinese Common Name）：蜀黍
异名（Synonym）：Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) Snowden Sorghum cernuum (Ard.) Host. Sorghum bicolor 'bicolor' Holcus bicolor L. Holcus dochna Forssk Sorghum guineense Stapf Sorghum dora (Mieg) Cuoco Andropogon usorum Steud. Sorghum cernuum var. truchmenorum (Klokov) Snowden Andropogon subglabrescens Steud. Sorghum vulgare var. cernuum (Ard.) Fiori & Paoli Sorghum bicolor var. caffrorum (Retz.) Mohlenbr. Sorghum commune P.Beauv. Andropogon sorghum var. neesii Körn. Sorghum vulgare var. caffrorum (Retz.) F.T.Hubb. & Rehder Sorghum vulgare var. durra (Forssk.) F.T.Hubb. & Rehder Andropogon sorghum var. albofuscus Koen. Sorghum arduinii (Gmel.) J.Jacq. Sorghum vulgare var. nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Hill Sorghum saccharatum var. rubens (Kunth) Nees Andropogon sorghum var. eois Burkart ex Benson & Subba Rao Sorghum centroplicatum var. sabderatense Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. hackelii Chiov. Sorghum tataricum Huber Sorghum nankinense Huber Sorghum vulgare var. angolense Rendle Holcus nigricans Steud. Sorghum saccharatum var. bicolor (L.) Kerguélen Sorghum truchmenorum K.Koch Holcus albus Steud. Holcus pyramidalis Steud. Sorghum usorum Nees Sorghum centroplicatum var. alborubrum Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. erythrocarpum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. pallescens Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. dubium Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. pallidocernuum Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. ellipsoideum Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. erythromelas Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. faregg Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. globosum Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. fiorii Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. tricolor Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. perlarium Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. heterochromum Chiov. Sorghum anomalum Desv. Sorghum basiplicatum var. microcarpum Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. pseudoneesii Chiov. Sorghum subglabrescens (Steud.) Schweinf. & Asch. Sorghum centroplicatum var. incertum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum f. jodolepis Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. cereum Chiov. Sorghum membranaceum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum f. leucolepis Chiov. Sorghum dulcicaule var. griseo-lilacinum Ivanjuk. Sorghum membranaceum var. baldratianum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum f. eburneum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. atropaniculata Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. rubrogeminum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. pseudoanfetum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. rubellum Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. virescens Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum f. geminatum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. paniculatellum Chiov. Sorghum rollii Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum f. dichrolepis Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum f. laxum Chiov. Holcus saccharatus var. technicus (Körn.) Farw. Sorghum centroplicatum var. subcarneum Chiov. Andropogon truchmenorum Walp. Andropogon sorghum var. saccharatum (L.) Alef. Sorghum eplicatum var. melanoleucum Chiov. Sorghum medioplicatum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum Chiov. Sorghum bicolor var. cernuum (Ard.) Ghi?a Sorghum basiplicatum var. subflavescens Chiov. Sorghum saccharatum var. atrum (Snowden) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum bicolor var. sikkimense (Snowden) Teplyak. Sorghum caudatum var. purpureum Ivanjuk. Sorghum caudatum var. dicarpum Ivanjuk. Sorghum bicolor var. miliiforme (Hack.) Teplyak. Sorghum caudatum var. coffeatum Ivanjuk. Sorghum caudatum var. aristatum Ivanjuk. Sorghum bicolor var. exaristatum Doronina & Ivanjuk. Panicum caffrorum Retz. Holcus dora Mieg Sorghum saccharatum var. formosum (Snowden) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. wightii (Hack.) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. irungu (Burk. ex Benson & Subba Rao) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. melliferum (Snowden) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. obovatum (Hack.) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. papyraceum Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. technicum (Körn.) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. burmanicum (Burk. ex Benson & Subba Rao) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. giganteum Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. corymbosum (Hack.) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. pulchrum (Burk. ex Benson & Subba Rao) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Andropogon vulgare (Pers.) Balansa Sorghum vulgare var. nervosum (Besser ex Schult.) Forbes & Hemsl. Holcus caffrorum (Retz.) Thunb. Sorghum papyrascens Stapf Milium compactum (Lam.) Cav. Sorghum roxburghii var. hians (Hook.f.) Stapf Sorghum compactum Lag. Milium maximum Cav. Milium bicolor (L.) Cav. Andropogon sorghum var. nitidus Chiov. Andropogon sorghum f. pallidus Chiov. Holcus compactus Lam. Agrostis nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Poir. Sorghum giganteum Edgew. Andropogon saccharatrus Kunth Sorghum margaritiferum Stapf Milium sorghum (L.) Cav. Andropogon sorghum var. dochna (Forssk.) C.Chr. Sorghum melaleucum Stapf Holcus ferrugineus Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult. Sorghum nigericum P.Vig. Sorghum bicolor var. subglabrescens (Steud.) Fosberg & Sachet Sorghum nigrum (Ard.) Roem. & Schult. Sorghum bicolor var. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet Sorghum vulgare Pers. Sorghum ankolib (Hack.) Stapf Sorghum pyramidale Roem. & Schult. Andropogon compactus Brot. Holcus duna J.F.Gmel. Rhaphis sorghum (L.) Roberty Sorghum bicolor var. cafer (Körn.) Fosberg & Sachet Milium nigricans Ruiz & Pav. Sorghum caudatum var. angolense (Rendle) Stapf Sorghum japonicum (Hack.) Roshev. Holcus arduinii J.F.Gmel. Sorghum bicolor var. obovatum (Hack.) Fosberg & Sachet Andropogon sorghum var. abyssinicum Hack. Sorghum dochna var. obovatum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum gambicum Snowden Sorghum subglabrescens var. microcarpum (Chiov.) Snowden Sorghum basutorum Snowden Sorghum dochna var. pulchrum (Burk. ex Benson & Subba Rao) Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. hians Hook.f. Andropogon sorghum var. subglobosus Hack. Sorghum sorghum (L.) H.Karst. Sorghum caffrorum var. albofuscum (Körn.) Snowden Sorghum rigidum Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. submuticus Hack. Sorghum caffrorum var. bicarinatum (Hack.) Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. globosus Hack. Sorghum miliiforme (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum miliiforme var. rotundulum Snowden Sorghum bicolor var. technicum (Körn.) Stapf ex Holland Andropogon sorghum var. leiostachyus Hack. Sorghum nigricans var. angolense (Rendle) Snowden Sorghum mellitum Snowden Sorghum dochna var. melliferum Snowden Sorghum subglabrescens var. rubrocernuum (Körn.) Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. rufescens Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. schimperi Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. yemensis Körn. Sorghum nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Snowden Sorghum dochna var. wrightii (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum dochna var. burmanicum (Benson & Subba Rao) Snowden Sorghum dochna var. corymbosum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum dochna var. formosum Snowden Sorghum dochna var. irungu (Benson & Subba Rao) Snowden Sorghum miliiforme var. sikkimense Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. sativus Hack. Sorghum vulgare subsp. bicolor (L.) Maire & Weiller Sorghum elegans (Körn.) Snowden Sorghum notabile Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. wrightii Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. caudatus Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. ankolib Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. vulgaris (Pers.) Hack. Sorghum cernuum var. g;obosum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum durra var. fuscum Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. bicarinatus Hack. Sorghum exsertum Snowden Sorghum dochna var. atrum Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. durra (Forssk.) Hack. Sorghum splendidum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum conspicuum Snowden Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus Hack. Sorghum album Roem. & Schult. Andropogon sorghum var. burmanicus G.T.Benson & Subba Rao Andropogon sorghum var. irungu G.T.Benson & Subba Rao Andropogon sorghum var. corymbosus Hack. Sorghum cernuum var. yemense (Körn.) Snowden Sorghum subglabrescens var. arabicum (Körn.) Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. arabicus Körn. Andropogon sorghum var. miliiformis Hack. Sorghum durra var. eois (Burk. ex Benson & Subba Rao) Snowden Sorghum durra var. elongatum Snowden Sorghum dulcicaule Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. pulcher G.T.Benson & Subba Rao Sorghum coriaceum Snowden Sorghum simulans Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. rubrocernuus Körn. Sorghum subglabrescens var. paniculatellum (Chiov.) Snowden Andropogon niger (Ard.) Kunth Holcus durra Forssk. Sorghum sativum (Hack.) Batt. & Trab. Milium sorgo Garsault Andropogon besseri Kunth Holcus niger Ard. Andropogon sorghum var. schenkii Körn. Andropogon rubens Kunth Sorghum chinense Jakusch. Sorghum rubens Willd. Holcus cafer Ard. Holcus nigerrimus Ard. Sorghum saccharatum var. vulgare (Pers.) Kuntze Holcus rubens Gaertn. Holcus sorghum var. durra (Forssk.) L.H.Bailey Holcus sorghum var. caffrorum (Thunb.) L.H.Bailey Sorghum glycychylum Pass. Holcus sorghum var. technicus (Körn.) L.H.Bailey Andropogon sorghum var. rubens (Willd.) Alef. Andropogon sorghum var. rubrocermuus K?rn. ex Schweinf. Andropogon sorghum var. splendidus Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. subglabrescens (Steud.) Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. truchmenorum (K. Koch) Koern. & Wern. Andropogon caffrorum (Thunb.) Kunth Andropogon sorghum var. miliformis (Hack.) Hook. f. Andropogon sorghum var. niger (Ard.) Koern. & Wern. Andropogon sorghum var. wightii (Hack.) Hook. f. Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench Sorghum subglabrescens var. schimperi (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum vulgare var. caudatum (Hack.) A.F. Hill Sorghum bicolor var. subglobosum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum caffrorum var. neesii (K?rn.) Snowden Sorghum caudatum var. caudatum Sorghum caudatum var. hackelii (Chiov.) Snowden Sorghum cernuum var. globosum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum dochna var. dochna Sorghum doncha var. wightii (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum dura Griseb. Sorghum durra var. erythrocarpum (Chiov.) Snowden Sorghum durra var. fiorii (Chiov.) Snowden Sorghum durra var. melanoleucum (Chiov.) Snowden Sorghum glabrescens (Steud.) Schweinf. & Asch. Sorghum bicolor subsp. bicolor Sorghum bicolor var. bicolor Sorghum bicolor var. saccharatum Mehrotra,Aswal & B.S. Bisht Sorghum vulgare var. rubens (Gaertn.) Pers. Sorghum vulgare var. subglabrescens (Steud.) A.F. Hill Sorghum vulgare var. vulgare
科属（Family & Genus）：禾本科（Gramineae）高粱属
形态特征（Description）：一年生草本。秆较粗壮，直立，高3-5米，横径2-5厘米，基部节上具支撑根。叶鞘无毛或稍有白粉；叶舌硬膜质，先端圆，边缘有纤毛；叶片线形至线状披针形，长40-70厘米，宽3-8厘米，先端渐尖，基部圆或微呈耳形，表面暗绿色，背面淡绿色或有白粉，两面无毛，边缘软骨质，具微细小刺毛，中脉较宽，白色。圆锥花序疏松，主轴裸露，长15-45厘米，宽4-10厘米，总梗直立或微弯曲；主轴具纵棱，疏生细柔毛，分枝3-7枚，轮生，粗糙或有细毛，基部较密；每一总状花序具3-6节，节间粗糙或稍扁；无柄小穗倒卵形或倒卵状椭圆形，长4.5-6毫米，宽3.5-4.5毫米，基盘纯，有髯毛；两颖均革质，上部及边缘通常具毛，初时黄绿色，成熟后为淡红色至暗棕色；第一颖背部圆凸，上部1/3质地较薄，边缘内折而具狭翼，向下变硬而有光泽，具12-16脉，仅达中部，有横脉，顶端尖或具3小齿；第二颖7-9脉，背部圆凸，近顶端具不明显的脊，略呈舟形，边缘有细毛；外稃透明膜质，第一外稃披针形，边缘有长纤毛；第二外稃披针形至长椭圆形，具2-4脉，顶端稍2裂，自裂齿间伸出一膝曲的芒，芒长约14毫米；雄蕊3枚，花药长约3毫米；子房倒卵形；花柱分离，柱头帚状。颖果两面平凸，长3.5-4毫米，淡红色至红棕色，熟时宽2.5-3毫米，顶端微外露。有柄小穗的柄长约2.5毫米，小穗线形至披针形，长3-5毫米，雄性或中性，宿存，褐色至暗红棕色；第一颖9-12脉，第二颖7-10脉。花果期6-9月。
分布（Distribution）：我国南北各省区均有栽培。
用途（Use）：
引自中国植物志英文版FOC Vol. 22 Page 600, 601, 602
Sorghum bicolor (Linnaeus) Moench, Methodus. 207. 1794.
高粱 gao liang | Poaceae | Sorghum
Holcus bicolor Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 301. 1771; A ndropogon bicolor (Linnaeus) Roxburgh; A. sorghum (Linnaeus) Brotero; A. sorghum var. technicus Körnicke; Holcus cernuus Arduino; H. dochna Forsskål; H. sorghum Linnaeus; Sorghum cernuum (Arduino) Host; S. dochna (Forsskål) Snowden; S. nervosum Besser ex Schultes; S. technicum (Körnicke) Roshevitz; S. vulgare Persoon, nom. illeg. superfl.
Annual. Culms erect, robust, 3–5 m tall, 2–5 cm in diam.; nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous or slightly farinose; leaf blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 40–70 × 3–8 cm, glabrous; ligule subrounded, ciliate. Panicle very variable, lax or dense, cylindrical or pyramidal to obovate in outline, up to 60 cm, main axis elongate to very short; primary branches ascending or spreading, lower branches sometimes almost as long as panicle, stiff or pendulous; racemes tough at maturity, composed of 2–6 spikelet pairs. Sessile spikelet variable, broadly obovate to subglobose, 3.5–5.5 mm; callus hispid; lower glume leathery to papery, glabrous to pilose, pale creamy-green to dark brown or blackish at maturity, upper lemma usually awned; awn 0.4–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet male or barren, linear-lanceolate, persistent or deciduous. Caryopsis large, often exposed between the gaping glumes. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep. 2n = 20.
Cultivated in China [native to Africa; widely cultivated in the tropics].
Sorghum bicolor is the important, tropical cereal sorghum. Originating in Africa, its cultivation for both grain and fodder spread throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Old World. It was introduced with the slave trade to America, including warm parts of the United States. It is now cultivated throughout most of China.
There is a multiplicity of forms of cultivated sorghum, derived by human selection and all fully interfertile. Some forms have sweet culms. Many species names have been proposed in the past in an attempt to categorize this variation, but they represent no more than intergrading cultivars within the common species pool.
The name Holcus saccharatus Linnaeus (Sorghum saccharatum (Linnaeus) Moench) has been identified as this species, but its application is uncertain (see Davidse & Turland in Taxon 50: 577–580. 2001) and the name has been formally rejected.
The principal races grown in China are as follows.
‘bicolor’
高粱 gao liang
Panicle loose with long branches, to 40 cm. Sessile spikelets broadly obovate; glumes leathery, glossy. Grain relatively small, enclosed within the glumes or only the top protruding.
Cultivated for grain; a primitive type.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
英文名（English Common Name）：sorghum
别名（Chinese Common Name）：蜀黍
异名（Synonym）：Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) Snowden Sorghum cernuum (Ard.) Host. Sorghum bicolor 'bicolor' Holcus bicolor L. Holcus dochna Forssk Sorghum guineense Stapf Sorghum dora (Mieg) Cuoco Andropogon usorum Steud. Sorghum cernuum var. truchmenorum (Klokov) Snowden Andropogon subglabrescens Steud. Sorghum vulgare var. cernuum (Ard.) Fiori & Paoli Sorghum bicolor var. caffrorum (Retz.) Mohlenbr. Sorghum commune P.Beauv. Andropogon sorghum var. neesii Körn. Sorghum vulgare var. caffrorum (Retz.) F.T.Hubb. & Rehder Sorghum vulgare var. durra (Forssk.) F.T.Hubb. & Rehder Andropogon sorghum var. albofuscus Koen. Sorghum arduinii (Gmel.) J.Jacq. Sorghum vulgare var. nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Hill Sorghum saccharatum var. rubens (Kunth) Nees Andropogon sorghum var. eois Burkart ex Benson & Subba Rao Sorghum centroplicatum var. sabderatense Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. hackelii Chiov. Sorghum tataricum Huber Sorghum nankinense Huber Sorghum vulgare var. angolense Rendle Holcus nigricans Steud. Sorghum saccharatum var. bicolor (L.) Kerguélen Sorghum truchmenorum K.Koch Holcus albus Steud. Holcus pyramidalis Steud. Sorghum usorum Nees Sorghum centroplicatum var. alborubrum Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. erythrocarpum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. pallescens Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. dubium Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. pallidocernuum Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. ellipsoideum Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. erythromelas Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. faregg Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. globosum Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. fiorii Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. tricolor Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. perlarium Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. heterochromum Chiov. Sorghum anomalum Desv. Sorghum basiplicatum var. microcarpum Chiov. Sorghum centroplicatum var. pseudoneesii Chiov. Sorghum subglabrescens (Steud.) Schweinf. & Asch. Sorghum centroplicatum var. incertum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum f. jodolepis Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. cereum Chiov. Sorghum membranaceum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum f. leucolepis Chiov. Sorghum dulcicaule var. griseo-lilacinum Ivanjuk. Sorghum membranaceum var. baldratianum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum f. eburneum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. atropaniculata Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. rubrogeminum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. pseudoanfetum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. rubellum Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum var. virescens Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum f. geminatum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum var. paniculatellum Chiov. Sorghum rollii Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum f. dichrolepis Chiov. Sorghum eplicatum f. laxum Chiov. Holcus saccharatus var. technicus (Körn.) Farw. Sorghum centroplicatum var. subcarneum Chiov. Andropogon truchmenorum Walp. Andropogon sorghum var. saccharatum (L.) Alef. Sorghum eplicatum var. melanoleucum Chiov. Sorghum medioplicatum Chiov. Sorghum basiplicatum Chiov. Sorghum bicolor var. cernuum (Ard.) Ghi?a Sorghum basiplicatum var. subflavescens Chiov. Sorghum saccharatum var. atrum (Snowden) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum bicolor var. sikkimense (Snowden) Teplyak. Sorghum caudatum var. purpureum Ivanjuk. Sorghum caudatum var. dicarpum Ivanjuk. Sorghum bicolor var. miliiforme (Hack.) Teplyak. Sorghum caudatum var. coffeatum Ivanjuk. Sorghum caudatum var. aristatum Ivanjuk. Sorghum bicolor var. exaristatum Doronina & Ivanjuk. Panicum caffrorum Retz. Holcus dora Mieg Sorghum saccharatum var. formosum (Snowden) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. wightii (Hack.) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. irungu (Burk. ex Benson & Subba Rao) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. melliferum (Snowden) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. obovatum (Hack.) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. papyraceum Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. technicum (Körn.) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. burmanicum (Burk. ex Benson & Subba Rao) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. giganteum Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. corymbosum (Hack.) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Sorghum saccharatum var. pulchrum (Burk. ex Benson & Subba Rao) Doronina & Ivanjuk. Andropogon vulgare (Pers.) Balansa Sorghum vulgare var. nervosum (Besser ex Schult.) Forbes & Hemsl. Holcus caffrorum (Retz.) Thunb. Sorghum papyrascens Stapf Milium compactum (Lam.) Cav. Sorghum roxburghii var. hians (Hook.f.) Stapf Sorghum compactum Lag. Milium maximum Cav. Milium bicolor (L.) Cav. Andropogon sorghum var. nitidus Chiov. Andropogon sorghum f. pallidus Chiov. Holcus compactus Lam. Agrostis nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Poir. Sorghum giganteum Edgew. Andropogon saccharatrus Kunth Sorghum margaritiferum Stapf Milium sorghum (L.) Cav. Andropogon sorghum var. dochna (Forssk.) C.Chr. Sorghum melaleucum Stapf Holcus ferrugineus Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult. Sorghum nigericum P.Vig. Sorghum bicolor var. subglabrescens (Steud.) Fosberg & Sachet Sorghum nigrum (Ard.) Roem. & Schult. Sorghum bicolor var. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet Sorghum vulgare Pers. Sorghum ankolib (Hack.) Stapf Sorghum pyramidale Roem. & Schult. Andropogon compactus Brot. Holcus duna J.F.Gmel. Rhaphis sorghum (L.) Roberty Sorghum bicolor var. cafer (Körn.) Fosberg & Sachet Milium nigricans Ruiz & Pav. Sorghum caudatum var. angolense (Rendle) Stapf Sorghum japonicum (Hack.) Roshev. Holcus arduinii J.F.Gmel. Sorghum bicolor var. obovatum (Hack.) Fosberg & Sachet Andropogon sorghum var. abyssinicum Hack. Sorghum dochna var. obovatum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum gambicum Snowden Sorghum subglabrescens var. microcarpum (Chiov.) Snowden Sorghum basutorum Snowden Sorghum dochna var. pulchrum (Burk. ex Benson & Subba Rao) Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. hians Hook.f. Andropogon sorghum var. subglobosus Hack. Sorghum sorghum (L.) H.Karst. Sorghum caffrorum var. albofuscum (Körn.) Snowden Sorghum rigidum Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. submuticus Hack. Sorghum caffrorum var. bicarinatum (Hack.) Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. globosus Hack. Sorghum miliiforme (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum miliiforme var. rotundulum Snowden Sorghum bicolor var. technicum (Körn.) Stapf ex Holland Andropogon sorghum var. leiostachyus Hack. Sorghum nigricans var. angolense (Rendle) Snowden Sorghum mellitum Snowden Sorghum dochna var. melliferum Snowden Sorghum subglabrescens var. rubrocernuum (Körn.) Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. rufescens Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. schimperi Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. yemensis Körn. Sorghum nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Snowden Sorghum dochna var. wrightii (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum dochna var. burmanicum (Benson & Subba Rao) Snowden Sorghum dochna var. corymbosum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum dochna var. formosum Snowden Sorghum dochna var. irungu (Benson & Subba Rao) Snowden Sorghum miliiforme var. sikkimense Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. sativus Hack. Sorghum vulgare subsp. bicolor (L.) Maire & Weiller Sorghum elegans (Körn.) Snowden Sorghum notabile Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. wrightii Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. caudatus Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. ankolib Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. vulgaris (Pers.) Hack. Sorghum cernuum var. g;obosum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum durra var. fuscum Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. bicarinatus Hack. Sorghum exsertum Snowden Sorghum dochna var. atrum Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. durra (Forssk.) Hack. Sorghum splendidum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum conspicuum Snowden Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus Hack. Sorghum album Roem. & Schult. Andropogon sorghum var. burmanicus G.T.Benson & Subba Rao Andropogon sorghum var. irungu G.T.Benson & Subba Rao Andropogon sorghum var. corymbosus Hack. Sorghum cernuum var. yemense (Körn.) Snowden Sorghum subglabrescens var. arabicum (Körn.) Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. arabicus Körn. Andropogon sorghum var. miliiformis Hack. Sorghum durra var. eois (Burk. ex Benson & Subba Rao) Snowden Sorghum durra var. elongatum Snowden Sorghum dulcicaule Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. pulcher G.T.Benson & Subba Rao Sorghum coriaceum Snowden Sorghum simulans Snowden Andropogon sorghum var. rubrocernuus Körn. Sorghum subglabrescens var. paniculatellum (Chiov.) Snowden Andropogon niger (Ard.) Kunth Holcus durra Forssk. Sorghum sativum (Hack.) Batt. & Trab. Milium sorgo Garsault Andropogon besseri Kunth Holcus niger Ard. Andropogon sorghum var. schenkii Körn. Andropogon rubens Kunth Sorghum chinense Jakusch. Sorghum rubens Willd. Holcus cafer Ard. Holcus nigerrimus Ard. Sorghum saccharatum var. vulgare (Pers.) Kuntze Holcus rubens Gaertn. Holcus sorghum var. durra (Forssk.) L.H.Bailey Holcus sorghum var. caffrorum (Thunb.) L.H.Bailey Sorghum glycychylum Pass. Holcus sorghum var. technicus (Körn.) L.H.Bailey Andropogon sorghum var. rubens (Willd.) Alef. Andropogon sorghum var. rubrocermuus K?rn. ex Schweinf. Andropogon sorghum var. splendidus Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. subglabrescens (Steud.) Hack. Andropogon sorghum var. truchmenorum (K. Koch) Koern. & Wern. Andropogon caffrorum (Thunb.) Kunth Andropogon sorghum var. miliformis (Hack.) Hook. f. Andropogon sorghum var. niger (Ard.) Koern. & Wern. Andropogon sorghum var. wightii (Hack.) Hook. f. Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench Sorghum subglabrescens var. schimperi (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum vulgare var. caudatum (Hack.) A.F. Hill Sorghum bicolor var. subglobosum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum caffrorum var. neesii (K?rn.) Snowden Sorghum caudatum var. caudatum Sorghum caudatum var. hackelii (Chiov.) Snowden Sorghum cernuum var. globosum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum dochna var. dochna Sorghum doncha var. wightii (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum dura Griseb. Sorghum durra var. erythrocarpum (Chiov.) Snowden Sorghum durra var. fiorii (Chiov.) Snowden Sorghum durra var. melanoleucum (Chiov.) Snowden Sorghum glabrescens (Steud.) Schweinf. & Asch. Sorghum bicolor subsp. bicolor Sorghum bicolor var. bicolor Sorghum bicolor var. saccharatum Mehrotra,Aswal & B.S. Bisht Sorghum vulgare var. rubens (Gaertn.) Pers. Sorghum vulgare var. subglabrescens (Steud.) A.F. Hill Sorghum vulgare var. vulgare
科属（Family & Genus）：禾本科（Gramineae）高粱属
形态特征（Description）：一年生草本。秆较粗壮，直立，高3-5米，横径2-5厘米，基部节上具支撑根。叶鞘无毛或稍有白粉；叶舌硬膜质，先端圆，边缘有纤毛；叶片线形至线状披针形，长40-70厘米，宽3-8厘米，先端渐尖，基部圆或微呈耳形，表面暗绿色，背面淡绿色或有白粉，两面无毛，边缘软骨质，具微细小刺毛，中脉较宽，白色。圆锥花序疏松，主轴裸露，长15-45厘米，宽4-10厘米，总梗直立或微弯曲；主轴具纵棱，疏生细柔毛，分枝3-7枚，轮生，粗糙或有细毛，基部较密；每一总状花序具3-6节，节间粗糙或稍扁；无柄小穗倒卵形或倒卵状椭圆形，长4.5-6毫米，宽3.5-4.5毫米，基盘纯，有髯毛；两颖均革质，上部及边缘通常具毛，初时黄绿色，成熟后为淡红色至暗棕色；第一颖背部圆凸，上部1/3质地较薄，边缘内折而具狭翼，向下变硬而有光泽，具12-16脉，仅达中部，有横脉，顶端尖或具3小齿；第二颖7-9脉，背部圆凸，近顶端具不明显的脊，略呈舟形，边缘有细毛；外稃透明膜质，第一外稃披针形，边缘有长纤毛；第二外稃披针形至长椭圆形，具2-4脉，顶端稍2裂，自裂齿间伸出一膝曲的芒，芒长约14毫米；雄蕊3枚，花药长约3毫米；子房倒卵形；花柱分离，柱头帚状。颖果两面平凸，长3.5-4毫米，淡红色至红棕色，熟时宽2.5-3毫米，顶端微外露。有柄小穗的柄长约2.5毫米，小穗线形至披针形，长3-5毫米，雄性或中性，宿存，褐色至暗红棕色；第一颖9-12脉，第二颖7-10脉。花果期6-9月。
分布（Distribution）：我国南北各省区均有栽培。
用途（Use）：
引自中国植物志英文版FOC Vol. 22 Page 600, 601, 602
Sorghum bicolor (Linnaeus) Moench, Methodus. 207. 1794.
高粱 gao liang | Poaceae | Sorghum
Holcus bicolor Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 301. 1771; A ndropogon bicolor (Linnaeus) Roxburgh; A. sorghum (Linnaeus) Brotero; A. sorghum var. technicus Körnicke; Holcus cernuus Arduino; H. dochna Forsskål; H. sorghum Linnaeus; Sorghum cernuum (Arduino) Host; S. dochna (Forsskål) Snowden; S. nervosum Besser ex Schultes; S. technicum (Körnicke) Roshevitz; S. vulgare Persoon, nom. illeg. superfl.
Annual. Culms erect, robust, 3–5 m tall, 2–5 cm in diam.; nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous or slightly farinose; leaf blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 40–70 × 3–8 cm, glabrous; ligule subrounded, ciliate. Panicle very variable, lax or dense, cylindrical or pyramidal to obovate in outline, up to 60 cm, main axis elongate to very short; primary branches ascending or spreading, lower branches sometimes almost as long as panicle, stiff or pendulous; racemes tough at maturity, composed of 2–6 spikelet pairs. Sessile spikelet variable, broadly obovate to subglobose, 3.5–5.5 mm; callus hispid; lower glume leathery to papery, glabrous to pilose, pale creamy-green to dark brown or blackish at maturity, upper lemma usually awned; awn 0.4–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet male or barren, linear-lanceolate, persistent or deciduous. Caryopsis large, often exposed between the gaping glumes. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep. 2n = 20.
Cultivated in China [native to Africa; widely cultivated in the tropics].
Sorghum bicolor is the important, tropical cereal sorghum. Originating in Africa, its cultivation for both grain and fodder spread throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Old World. It was introduced with the slave trade to America, including warm parts of the United States. It is now cultivated throughout most of China.
There is a multiplicity of forms of cultivated sorghum, derived by human selection and all fully interfertile. Some forms have sweet culms. Many species names have been proposed in the past in an attempt to categorize this variation, but they represent no more than intergrading cultivars within the common species pool.
The name Holcus saccharatus Linnaeus (Sorghum saccharatum (Linnaeus) Moench) has been identified as this species, but its application is uncertain (see Davidse & Turland in Taxon 50: 577–580. 2001) and the name has been formally rejected.
The principal races grown in China are as follows.
‘bicolor’
高粱 gao liang
Panicle loose with long branches, to 40 cm. Sessile spikelets broadly obovate; glumes leathery, glossy. Grain relatively small, enclosed within the glumes or only the top protruding.
Cultivated for grain; a primitive type.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
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