丝毛飞廉Carduus crispus
中文名（Chinese Name）：丝毛飞廉
学名（Scientific Name）：Carduus crispus Guir?o ex Nyman
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：飞簾
异名（Synonym）：Carduus fissurae Nyár. Carduus incanus Klokov Carduus inclinans Stokes Carduus crispus subsp. agrestis Vollm. Carduus crispus subsp. incanus (Klok.) Soó Carduus crispus var. albus Makino Carduus crispus var. fissurae Soó Carduus crispus var. integrifolius Rchb. Carduus crispus var. microcephalus Domin
科属（Family & Genus）：菊科Compositae飞廉属Carduus
形态特征（Description）：二年生或多年生草本，高40-150厘米。茎直立，有条棱，不分枝或最上部有极短或较长分枝，被稀疏的多细胞长节毛，上部或接头状花序下部有稀疏或较稠密的蛛丝状毛或蛛丝状棉毛。下部茎叶全形椭圆形、长椭圆形或倒披针形，长5-18厘米，宽1-7厘米，羽状深裂或半裂，侧裂片7-12对，偏斜半椭圆形、半长椭圆形、三角形或卵状三角形，边缘有大小不等的三角形或偏斜三角形刺齿，齿顶及齿缘或浅褐色或淡黄色的针刺，齿顶针刺较长，长达3.5厘米，齿缘针刺较短，或下部茎叶不为羽状分裂，边缘大锯齿或重锯齿；中部茎叶与下部茎叶同形并等样分裂，但渐小，最上部茎叶线状倒披针形或宽线形；全部茎叶两面明显异色，上面绿色，有稀疏的多细胞长节毛，但沿中脉的毛较多，下面灰绿色或浅灰白色，被蛛丝状薄绵毛，沿脉有较多的多细胞长节毛，基部渐狭，两侧沿茎下延成茎翼。茎翼边缘齿裂，齿顶及齿缘有黄白色或浅褐色的针刺，针刺长2-3毫米，极少长达5毫米的，上部或接头状花序下部的茎翼常为针刺状。头状花序花序梗极短，通常3-5个集生于分枝顶端或茎端，或头状花序单生分枝顶端，形成不明显的伞房花序。总苞卵圆形，直径1.5-2(2.5)厘米。总苞片多层，覆瓦状排列，向内层渐长；最外层长三角形，长约3毫米，宽约0.7毫米；中内层苞片钻状长三角形或钻状披针形或披针形，长4-13毫米，宽0.9-2毫米；最内层苞片线状披针形，长15毫米，宽不及1毫米；中外层顶端针刺状短渐尖或尖头，最内层及近最内层顶端长渐尖，无针刺。全部苞片无毛或被稀疏的蛛丝毛。小花红色或紫色，长1.5厘米，檐部长8毫米，5深裂，裂片线形，长达6毫米，细管部长7毫米。瘦果稍压扁，楔状椭圆形，长约4毫米，有明显的横皱纹，基底着生面平，顶端斜截形，有果缘，果缘软骨质，边缘全缘，无锯齿。冠毛多层，白色或污白色，不等长，向内层渐长，冠毛刚、毛锯齿状，长达1.3厘米，顶端扁平扩大，基部连合成环，整体脱落。花果期4-10月。
分布（Distribution）：几遍全国各地。生于山坡草地、田间、荒地河旁及林下，海拔400-3600米。欧洲、北美、苏联、蒙古、朝鲜都有分布。
用途（Use）：
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 20-21 Page 175, 176
Carduus crispus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 821. 1753.
丝毛飞廉 si mao fei lian | Asteraceae | Carduus
Herbs 40-150 cm tall, biennial or perennial. Stems erect, apically usually branched, sparsely hirsute, usually cobwebby above; wings toothed, teeth with slender spines 1-3 mm at margin and apex. Leaves dark green, abaxially sometimes gray and thinly cobwebby, sparsely hirsute along veins. Lower cauline leaves sessile, ± narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, 5-18 × 1-7 cm, pinnatifid or lowermost undivided; segments 7-12 pairs, elliptic, triangular, or ovate-triangular, margin spinulose and unequally toothed, teeth triangular, laterally with short spinules, and apically with a spine to ca. 3 mm. Middle cauline leaves similar but smaller. Uppermost cauline leaves oblanceolate to broadly linear. Capitula mostly 3-5 clustered at end of stem or branches, rarely solitary. Involucre subglobose, 1.5-2(-2.5) cm in diam., glabrous or sparsely cobwebby. Outer phyllaries triangular, ca. 3 × 0.7 mm, apex mucronulate to spiniform; middle phyllaries 4-13 × 0.9-2 mm, narrowed into a triangular-subulate erect-patent or spreading spiny-tipped distal portion; inner phyllaries linear, straight, distally membranous and acuminate. Corolla purplish red or rarely white, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 7 mm. Achene ca. 4 mm. Pappus bristles white, to 1.3 cm. Fl. and fr. Feb-Oct. 2n = 16, 16+2B, 18.
Grasslands on mountain slopes, farmlands, wastelands, by rivers, forests; 400-3600 m. Widely distributed in China (but see discussion for Carduus acanthoides) [Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia, Europe].
Carduus crispus is weedy but a good nectariferous plant. It is widely naturalized in North America.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Carduus crispus Guir?o ex Nyman
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：飞簾
异名（Synonym）：Carduus fissurae Nyár. Carduus incanus Klokov Carduus inclinans Stokes Carduus crispus subsp. agrestis Vollm. Carduus crispus subsp. incanus (Klok.) Soó Carduus crispus var. albus Makino Carduus crispus var. fissurae Soó Carduus crispus var. integrifolius Rchb. Carduus crispus var. microcephalus Domin
科属（Family & Genus）：菊科Compositae飞廉属Carduus
形态特征（Description）：二年生或多年生草本，高40-150厘米。茎直立，有条棱，不分枝或最上部有极短或较长分枝，被稀疏的多细胞长节毛，上部或接头状花序下部有稀疏或较稠密的蛛丝状毛或蛛丝状棉毛。下部茎叶全形椭圆形、长椭圆形或倒披针形，长5-18厘米，宽1-7厘米，羽状深裂或半裂，侧裂片7-12对，偏斜半椭圆形、半长椭圆形、三角形或卵状三角形，边缘有大小不等的三角形或偏斜三角形刺齿，齿顶及齿缘或浅褐色或淡黄色的针刺，齿顶针刺较长，长达3.5厘米，齿缘针刺较短，或下部茎叶不为羽状分裂，边缘大锯齿或重锯齿；中部茎叶与下部茎叶同形并等样分裂，但渐小，最上部茎叶线状倒披针形或宽线形；全部茎叶两面明显异色，上面绿色，有稀疏的多细胞长节毛，但沿中脉的毛较多，下面灰绿色或浅灰白色，被蛛丝状薄绵毛，沿脉有较多的多细胞长节毛，基部渐狭，两侧沿茎下延成茎翼。茎翼边缘齿裂，齿顶及齿缘有黄白色或浅褐色的针刺，针刺长2-3毫米，极少长达5毫米的，上部或接头状花序下部的茎翼常为针刺状。头状花序花序梗极短，通常3-5个集生于分枝顶端或茎端，或头状花序单生分枝顶端，形成不明显的伞房花序。总苞卵圆形，直径1.5-2(2.5)厘米。总苞片多层，覆瓦状排列，向内层渐长；最外层长三角形，长约3毫米，宽约0.7毫米；中内层苞片钻状长三角形或钻状披针形或披针形，长4-13毫米，宽0.9-2毫米；最内层苞片线状披针形，长15毫米，宽不及1毫米；中外层顶端针刺状短渐尖或尖头，最内层及近最内层顶端长渐尖，无针刺。全部苞片无毛或被稀疏的蛛丝毛。小花红色或紫色，长1.5厘米，檐部长8毫米，5深裂，裂片线形，长达6毫米，细管部长7毫米。瘦果稍压扁，楔状椭圆形，长约4毫米，有明显的横皱纹，基底着生面平，顶端斜截形，有果缘，果缘软骨质，边缘全缘，无锯齿。冠毛多层，白色或污白色，不等长，向内层渐长，冠毛刚、毛锯齿状，长达1.3厘米，顶端扁平扩大，基部连合成环，整体脱落。花果期4-10月。
分布（Distribution）：几遍全国各地。生于山坡草地、田间、荒地河旁及林下，海拔400-3600米。欧洲、北美、苏联、蒙古、朝鲜都有分布。
用途（Use）：
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 20-21 Page 175, 176
Carduus crispus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 821. 1753.
丝毛飞廉 si mao fei lian | Asteraceae | Carduus
Herbs 40-150 cm tall, biennial or perennial. Stems erect, apically usually branched, sparsely hirsute, usually cobwebby above; wings toothed, teeth with slender spines 1-3 mm at margin and apex. Leaves dark green, abaxially sometimes gray and thinly cobwebby, sparsely hirsute along veins. Lower cauline leaves sessile, ± narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, 5-18 × 1-7 cm, pinnatifid or lowermost undivided; segments 7-12 pairs, elliptic, triangular, or ovate-triangular, margin spinulose and unequally toothed, teeth triangular, laterally with short spinules, and apically with a spine to ca. 3 mm. Middle cauline leaves similar but smaller. Uppermost cauline leaves oblanceolate to broadly linear. Capitula mostly 3-5 clustered at end of stem or branches, rarely solitary. Involucre subglobose, 1.5-2(-2.5) cm in diam., glabrous or sparsely cobwebby. Outer phyllaries triangular, ca. 3 × 0.7 mm, apex mucronulate to spiniform; middle phyllaries 4-13 × 0.9-2 mm, narrowed into a triangular-subulate erect-patent or spreading spiny-tipped distal portion; inner phyllaries linear, straight, distally membranous and acuminate. Corolla purplish red or rarely white, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 7 mm. Achene ca. 4 mm. Pappus bristles white, to 1.3 cm. Fl. and fr. Feb-Oct. 2n = 16, 16+2B, 18.
Grasslands on mountain slopes, farmlands, wastelands, by rivers, forests; 400-3600 m. Widely distributed in China (but see discussion for Carduus acanthoides) [Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia, Europe].
Carduus crispus is weedy but a good nectariferous plant. It is widely naturalized in North America.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
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