长萼堇菜Viola inconspicua
中文名（Chinese Name）：长萼堇菜
学名（Scientific Name）：Viola inconspicua Blume
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：犁头草
异名（Synonym）：Viola angustistipulata Chang Viola pseudo-monbeigii Chang Viola hunanensis Hand.-Mazz. Viola patrinii var. minor Makino Viola flavida Bureau et Franch. Viola confusa Champion ex Bentham Viola betonicifolia var. oblongosagittata (Nakai) F. Maek. et T. Hashim. Viola primulifolia Roxb. Viola incongpicua subsp. dielsiana W. Becker Viola chinensis G. Don Viola philippica subsp. melesica W. Becker Viola taiwaniana Nakai Viola guilinensis Y. S. Wang Viola betonicifolia subsp. novaguineensis D.M.Moore Viola oblongosagittata Nakai Viola confusa subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) F. Maek. & Hashim. Viola pseudomonbeigii Chang Viola mandshurica subsp. nagasakiensis W. Becker Viola serpens var. confusa (Champ. ex Benth.) Hook. f. & Thomson
科属（Family & Genus）：堇菜科（Violaceae）堇菜属
形态特征（Description）：多年生草本，无地上茎。根状茎垂直或斜生，较粗壮，长1-2厘米，粗2-8毫米，节密生，通常被残留的褐色托叶所包被。叶均基生，呈莲座状；叶片三角形、三角状卵形或戟形，长1.5-7厘米，宽1-3.5厘米，最宽处在叶的基部，中部向上渐变狭，先端渐尖或尖，基部宽心形，弯缺呈宽半圆形，两侧垂片发达，通常平展，稍下延于叶柄成狭翅，边缘具圆锯齿，两面通常无毛，少有在下面的叶脉及近基部的叶缘上有短毛，上面密生乳头状小白点，但在较老的叶上则变成暗绿色；叶柄无毛，长2-7厘米；托叶3/4与叶柄合生，分离部分披针形，长3-5毫米，先端渐尖，边缘疏生流苏状短齿，稀全缘，通常有褐色锈点。花淡紫色，有暗色条纹；花梗细弱，通常与叶片等长或稍高出于叶，无毛或上部被柔毛，中部稍上处有2枚线形小苞片；萼片卵状披针形或披针形，长4-7毫米，顶端渐尖，基部附属物伸长，长2-3毫米，末端具缺刻状浅齿，具狭膜质缘，无毛或具纤毛；花瓣长圆状倒卵形，长7-9毫米，侧方花瓣里面基部有须毛，下方花瓣连距长10-12毫米；距管状，长2.5-3毫米，直，末端钝；下方雄蕊背部的距角状，长约2.5毫米，顶端尖，基部宽；子房球形，无毛，花柱棍棒状，长约2毫米，基部稍膝曲，顶端平，两侧具较宽的缘边，前方具明显的短喙，喙端具向上开口的柱头孔。蒴果长圆形，长8-10毫米，无毛。种子卵球形，长1-1.5毫米，直径0.8毫米，深绿色。花果期3-11月。2n=24。
分布（Distribution）：产华南、华东、陕西、甘肃、湖北、湖南、四川、贵州、云南，生于林缘、山坡草地、田边及溪旁等处。缅甸、菲律宾、马来西亚也有。
用途（Use）：全草入药，能清热解毒。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 13 Page 78, 98
Viola inconspicua Blume, Bijdr. 58. 1825.
长萼堇菜 chang e jin cai| Violaceae | Viola
Viola betonicifolia Smith subsp. novaguineensis D. M. Moore; V. betonicifolia var. oblongosagittata (Nakai) F. Maekawa & T. Hashimoto; V. chinensis G. Don; V. confusa Champion ex Bentham; V. confusa subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) F. Maekawa & T. Hashimoto; V. hunanensis Handel-Mazzetti; V. inconspicua subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) J. C. Wang & T. C. Huang; V. mandshurica subsp. nagasakiensis W. Becker; V. minor (Makino) Makino; V. oblongosagittata Nakai; V. patrinii var. minor Makino; V. philippica subsp. malesica W. Becker; V. primulifolia Loureiro (1790), not Linnaeus (1753); V. pseudomonbeigii Chang; V. serpens Wallich ex Gingins var. confusa (Bentham) J. D. Hooker & Thomson.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent. Rhizome erect or obliquely ascending, 1-2 cm, robust, 2-8 mm in diam., densely noded, with white roots. Leaves basal, rosulate; stipules ca. 3/4 adnate to petiole, free part lanceolate, 3-7 mm, margin sparsely shortly fimbriate-dentate, rarely entire, usually brown rusty dotted, apex acute; petiole 2-7 cm, usually glabrous or rarely shortly pubescent; leaf blade triangular-ovate, 1.5-9 × 1-7 cm, 1-2.2 × as long as wide, broadest at base, usually glabrous, rarely puberulous, base cordate with usually prominent, rounded basal lobes, decurrent to 1/3 length of petiole and narrowly winged, apex acuminate or acute. Flowers purplish or white, with darker striations; pedicels usually subequaling or slightly exceeding leaves, slender, glabrous or puberulous in upper part, 2-bracteolate slightly above middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 × 1-1.8 mm, apex acute, glabrous or ciliate; appendage elongated, (1.5-)2-3(-4.8) mm, shallowly incised. Petals oblong-obovate, 7-9 mm; lateral ones bearded or rarely glabrous; anterior one 1-1.2 cm (spur included); spur tubular, 1.8-3(-4) mm, straight, obtuse. Spur of anterior stamens angular, base broad, apex acute. Ovary globose, glabrous; styles clavate, base slightly geniculate; stigmas flat at top, with broader margin on lateral sides, shortly beaked in front, with a stigmatic hole opening upward at tip of beak. Capsule oblong, 8-10 mm, glabrous. Seeds deep green, ovoid-globose, 1-1.5 mm, ca. 0.8 mm in diam. Fl. Nov-Apr, fr. Jun-Nov. 2n = 24*, 48*, 72.
Grasslands, field sides, path margins, forest margins; below 1600(-2400) m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, SE Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Vietnam].
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Viola inconspicua Blume
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：犁头草
异名（Synonym）：Viola angustistipulata Chang Viola pseudo-monbeigii Chang Viola hunanensis Hand.-Mazz. Viola patrinii var. minor Makino Viola flavida Bureau et Franch. Viola confusa Champion ex Bentham Viola betonicifolia var. oblongosagittata (Nakai) F. Maek. et T. Hashim. Viola primulifolia Roxb. Viola incongpicua subsp. dielsiana W. Becker Viola chinensis G. Don Viola philippica subsp. melesica W. Becker Viola taiwaniana Nakai Viola guilinensis Y. S. Wang Viola betonicifolia subsp. novaguineensis D.M.Moore Viola oblongosagittata Nakai Viola confusa subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) F. Maek. & Hashim. Viola pseudomonbeigii Chang Viola mandshurica subsp. nagasakiensis W. Becker Viola serpens var. confusa (Champ. ex Benth.) Hook. f. & Thomson
科属（Family & Genus）：堇菜科（Violaceae）堇菜属
形态特征（Description）：多年生草本，无地上茎。根状茎垂直或斜生，较粗壮，长1-2厘米，粗2-8毫米，节密生，通常被残留的褐色托叶所包被。叶均基生，呈莲座状；叶片三角形、三角状卵形或戟形，长1.5-7厘米，宽1-3.5厘米，最宽处在叶的基部，中部向上渐变狭，先端渐尖或尖，基部宽心形，弯缺呈宽半圆形，两侧垂片发达，通常平展，稍下延于叶柄成狭翅，边缘具圆锯齿，两面通常无毛，少有在下面的叶脉及近基部的叶缘上有短毛，上面密生乳头状小白点，但在较老的叶上则变成暗绿色；叶柄无毛，长2-7厘米；托叶3/4与叶柄合生，分离部分披针形，长3-5毫米，先端渐尖，边缘疏生流苏状短齿，稀全缘，通常有褐色锈点。花淡紫色，有暗色条纹；花梗细弱，通常与叶片等长或稍高出于叶，无毛或上部被柔毛，中部稍上处有2枚线形小苞片；萼片卵状披针形或披针形，长4-7毫米，顶端渐尖，基部附属物伸长，长2-3毫米，末端具缺刻状浅齿，具狭膜质缘，无毛或具纤毛；花瓣长圆状倒卵形，长7-9毫米，侧方花瓣里面基部有须毛，下方花瓣连距长10-12毫米；距管状，长2.5-3毫米，直，末端钝；下方雄蕊背部的距角状，长约2.5毫米，顶端尖，基部宽；子房球形，无毛，花柱棍棒状，长约2毫米，基部稍膝曲，顶端平，两侧具较宽的缘边，前方具明显的短喙，喙端具向上开口的柱头孔。蒴果长圆形，长8-10毫米，无毛。种子卵球形，长1-1.5毫米，直径0.8毫米，深绿色。花果期3-11月。2n=24。
分布（Distribution）：产华南、华东、陕西、甘肃、湖北、湖南、四川、贵州、云南，生于林缘、山坡草地、田边及溪旁等处。缅甸、菲律宾、马来西亚也有。
用途（Use）：全草入药，能清热解毒。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 13 Page 78, 98
Viola inconspicua Blume, Bijdr. 58. 1825.
长萼堇菜 chang e jin cai| Violaceae | Viola
Viola betonicifolia Smith subsp. novaguineensis D. M. Moore; V. betonicifolia var. oblongosagittata (Nakai) F. Maekawa & T. Hashimoto; V. chinensis G. Don; V. confusa Champion ex Bentham; V. confusa subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) F. Maekawa & T. Hashimoto; V. hunanensis Handel-Mazzetti; V. inconspicua subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) J. C. Wang & T. C. Huang; V. mandshurica subsp. nagasakiensis W. Becker; V. minor (Makino) Makino; V. oblongosagittata Nakai; V. patrinii var. minor Makino; V. philippica subsp. malesica W. Becker; V. primulifolia Loureiro (1790), not Linnaeus (1753); V. pseudomonbeigii Chang; V. serpens Wallich ex Gingins var. confusa (Bentham) J. D. Hooker & Thomson.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent. Rhizome erect or obliquely ascending, 1-2 cm, robust, 2-8 mm in diam., densely noded, with white roots. Leaves basal, rosulate; stipules ca. 3/4 adnate to petiole, free part lanceolate, 3-7 mm, margin sparsely shortly fimbriate-dentate, rarely entire, usually brown rusty dotted, apex acute; petiole 2-7 cm, usually glabrous or rarely shortly pubescent; leaf blade triangular-ovate, 1.5-9 × 1-7 cm, 1-2.2 × as long as wide, broadest at base, usually glabrous, rarely puberulous, base cordate with usually prominent, rounded basal lobes, decurrent to 1/3 length of petiole and narrowly winged, apex acuminate or acute. Flowers purplish or white, with darker striations; pedicels usually subequaling or slightly exceeding leaves, slender, glabrous or puberulous in upper part, 2-bracteolate slightly above middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 × 1-1.8 mm, apex acute, glabrous or ciliate; appendage elongated, (1.5-)2-3(-4.8) mm, shallowly incised. Petals oblong-obovate, 7-9 mm; lateral ones bearded or rarely glabrous; anterior one 1-1.2 cm (spur included); spur tubular, 1.8-3(-4) mm, straight, obtuse. Spur of anterior stamens angular, base broad, apex acute. Ovary globose, glabrous; styles clavate, base slightly geniculate; stigmas flat at top, with broader margin on lateral sides, shortly beaked in front, with a stigmatic hole opening upward at tip of beak. Capsule oblong, 8-10 mm, glabrous. Seeds deep green, ovoid-globose, 1-1.5 mm, ca. 0.8 mm in diam. Fl. Nov-Apr, fr. Jun-Nov. 2n = 24*, 48*, 72.
Grasslands, field sides, path margins, forest margins; below 1600(-2400) m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, SE Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Vietnam].
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
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