堇菜Viola arcuata
中文名（Chinese Name）：堇菜
学名（Scientific Name）：Viola arcuata Blume
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：如意草
异名（Synonym）：Viola hamiltoniana D. Don Viola verecunda A. Gray Viola amurica W. Beck. Viola arcuata var. verecunda (A. Gray) Nakai Viola distans Wall. Viola excisa Hance Viola alata Burgersd. Viola alata subsp. verecunda (A. Gray) W. Becker Viola hupeiana W. Becker Viola verecunda var. semilunaris Maxim. Viola arcuata f. radicans (Makino) Nakai Viola verecunda f. hensoaensis Kud? & Sasaki Viola verecunda f. radicans Makino
科属（Family & Genus）：堇菜科（Violaceae）堇菜属
形态特征（Description）：多年生草本。根状茎横走，粗约2毫米，褐色，密生多数纤维状根，向上发出多条地上茎或匍匐枝。地上茎通常数条丛生，高达35厘米，淡绿色，节间较长；匍匐枝蔓生，长可达40厘米，节间长，节上生不定根。基生叶叶片深绿色，三角状心形或卵状心形，长1.5-3厘米，宽2-5.5厘米，先端急尖，稀渐尖，基部通常宽心形，稀深心形，弯缺呈新月形，垂片大而开展，边缘具浅而内弯的疏锯齿，两面通常无毛或下面沿脉被疏柔毛；茎生叶及匍匐枝上的叶片与基生叶的叶片相似；基生叶具长柄，叶柄长5-20厘米，上部具狭翅，茎生叶及匍匐枝上叶的叶柄较短；托叶披针形，长5-10毫米，先端渐尖，通常全缘或具极稀疏的细齿和缘毛。花淡紫色或白色，皆自茎生叶或匍匐枝的叶腋抽出，具长梗，在花梗中部以上有2枚线形小苞片；萼片卵状披针形，长约4毫米，先端尖，基部附属物极短呈半圆形，具狭膜质边缘；花瓣狭倒卵形，长约7.5毫米，侧方花瓣具暗紫色条纹，里面基部疏生短须毛，下方花瓣较短，有明显的暗紫色条纹，基部具长约2毫米的短距；下方雄蕊之距粗而短，其长度与花药近相等，末端圆；子房无毛，花柱呈棍棒状，基部稍膝曲，向上渐增粗，柱头2裂，两侧裂片肥厚，向上直立，中央部分隆起呈鸡冠状，在前方裂片间的基部具向上撅起的短喙，喙端具圆形的柱头孔。蒴果长圆形，长6-8毫米，粗约3毫米，无毛，先端尖。种子卵状，淡黄色，长约1.5毫米，直径约1毫米，基部一侧具膜质翅。花果期较长，在广东地区全年内均有开花及结实的植株。
分布（Distribution）：产我国大部分省区，从东北于西南均有分布，生于湿草地、山坡草丛、灌丛、林缘、田野、宅旁等处。朝鲜、日本、蒙古、俄罗斯、印度、缅甸、越南及印度尼西亚亦有。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 13 Page 75, 78
Viola arcuata Blume, Bijdr. 58. 1825.
如意草 ru yi cao| Violaceae | Viola
Viola alata Burgersdijk; V. alata subsp. verecunda (A. Gray) W. Becker; V. amurica W. Becker; V. arcuata f. radicans (Makino) Nakai; V. arcuata var. verecunda (A. Gray) Nakai; V. distans Wallich; V. excisa Hance; V. hupeiana W. Becker; V. verecunda A. Gray; V. verecunda f. hensoaensis Kudo & Sasaki; V. verecunda f. radicans Makino; V. verecunda var. semilunaris Maximowicz.
Herbs perennial. Rhizome procumbent, brown, ca. 2 mm in diam., with numerous fibrous roots, producing several stems or stolons. Stems usually several fasciculate, greenish, to 35 cm tall; internodes long. Stolons flexible, to 40 cm, producing adventitious roots at nodes; internodes long. Stipules green, linear, lanceolate, ovate or spatulate, 5-25 × 1-8 mm, glabrous, margin usually entire, or remotely denticulate or ciliate, apex acuminate or acute; basal leaves long petiolate, petioles 5-20 cm, narrowly winged; petioles of leaves on stem and stolon shorter; blades of basal leaves deep green, triangular-cordate or ovate-cordate, 1.5-3 × 2-5.5 cm, both surfaces usually glabrous or sparsely puberulous along veins abaxially, base usually broadly cordate, rarely deeply cordate, sinus lunate, lobes large and spreading, margin sparsely and shallowly serrate, apex acute, rarely acuminate; blades of leaves on stem and stolon similar to those of basal leaves. Flowers light purplish or white, all produced from axils of leaves on stem and stolon; pedicels long, 2-bracteolate above middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, apex acute, basal auricles very short, suborbicular, margin narrowly membranous. Petals narrowly obovate, ca. 7.5 mm, lateral ones dark purple striate, inside sparsely bearded or glabrous, anterior one shorter, conspicuously dark purple striate, apex rounded; spur short, ca. 2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens short and stout, subequaling anthers, apex rounded. Ovary glabrous; styles clavate, base slightly geniculate, gradually thickened upward; stigmas 2-lobed, lobes thick, erect, raised in central part, shortly beaked at base in between lobes in front, beak turning upward, with a rounded stigma hole at tip. Capsule oblong, 6-8 mm, ca. 3 mm in diam., glabrous, apex acute. Seeds yellowish, ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm, ca. 1 mm in diam., with a membranous wing on one side at base. Fl. Mar-Jun. 2n = 24*.
Moist and marshy places, grasslands, grassy places on mountain slopes, thickets, forest margins, fields, alongside houses; usually at lower elevation, below 3000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Nepal, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam].
In FRPS (51: 105. 1991), the name Viola hamiltoniana D. Don was misapplied to this species.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Viola arcuata Blume
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：如意草
异名（Synonym）：Viola hamiltoniana D. Don Viola verecunda A. Gray Viola amurica W. Beck. Viola arcuata var. verecunda (A. Gray) Nakai Viola distans Wall. Viola excisa Hance Viola alata Burgersd. Viola alata subsp. verecunda (A. Gray) W. Becker Viola hupeiana W. Becker Viola verecunda var. semilunaris Maxim. Viola arcuata f. radicans (Makino) Nakai Viola verecunda f. hensoaensis Kud? & Sasaki Viola verecunda f. radicans Makino
科属（Family & Genus）：堇菜科（Violaceae）堇菜属
形态特征（Description）：多年生草本。根状茎横走，粗约2毫米，褐色，密生多数纤维状根，向上发出多条地上茎或匍匐枝。地上茎通常数条丛生，高达35厘米，淡绿色，节间较长；匍匐枝蔓生，长可达40厘米，节间长，节上生不定根。基生叶叶片深绿色，三角状心形或卵状心形，长1.5-3厘米，宽2-5.5厘米，先端急尖，稀渐尖，基部通常宽心形，稀深心形，弯缺呈新月形，垂片大而开展，边缘具浅而内弯的疏锯齿，两面通常无毛或下面沿脉被疏柔毛；茎生叶及匍匐枝上的叶片与基生叶的叶片相似；基生叶具长柄，叶柄长5-20厘米，上部具狭翅，茎生叶及匍匐枝上叶的叶柄较短；托叶披针形，长5-10毫米，先端渐尖，通常全缘或具极稀疏的细齿和缘毛。花淡紫色或白色，皆自茎生叶或匍匐枝的叶腋抽出，具长梗，在花梗中部以上有2枚线形小苞片；萼片卵状披针形，长约4毫米，先端尖，基部附属物极短呈半圆形，具狭膜质边缘；花瓣狭倒卵形，长约7.5毫米，侧方花瓣具暗紫色条纹，里面基部疏生短须毛，下方花瓣较短，有明显的暗紫色条纹，基部具长约2毫米的短距；下方雄蕊之距粗而短，其长度与花药近相等，末端圆；子房无毛，花柱呈棍棒状，基部稍膝曲，向上渐增粗，柱头2裂，两侧裂片肥厚，向上直立，中央部分隆起呈鸡冠状，在前方裂片间的基部具向上撅起的短喙，喙端具圆形的柱头孔。蒴果长圆形，长6-8毫米，粗约3毫米，无毛，先端尖。种子卵状，淡黄色，长约1.5毫米，直径约1毫米，基部一侧具膜质翅。花果期较长，在广东地区全年内均有开花及结实的植株。
分布（Distribution）：产我国大部分省区，从东北于西南均有分布，生于湿草地、山坡草丛、灌丛、林缘、田野、宅旁等处。朝鲜、日本、蒙古、俄罗斯、印度、缅甸、越南及印度尼西亚亦有。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 13 Page 75, 78
Viola arcuata Blume, Bijdr. 58. 1825.
如意草 ru yi cao| Violaceae | Viola
Viola alata Burgersdijk; V. alata subsp. verecunda (A. Gray) W. Becker; V. amurica W. Becker; V. arcuata f. radicans (Makino) Nakai; V. arcuata var. verecunda (A. Gray) Nakai; V. distans Wallich; V. excisa Hance; V. hupeiana W. Becker; V. verecunda A. Gray; V. verecunda f. hensoaensis Kudo & Sasaki; V. verecunda f. radicans Makino; V. verecunda var. semilunaris Maximowicz.
Herbs perennial. Rhizome procumbent, brown, ca. 2 mm in diam., with numerous fibrous roots, producing several stems or stolons. Stems usually several fasciculate, greenish, to 35 cm tall; internodes long. Stolons flexible, to 40 cm, producing adventitious roots at nodes; internodes long. Stipules green, linear, lanceolate, ovate or spatulate, 5-25 × 1-8 mm, glabrous, margin usually entire, or remotely denticulate or ciliate, apex acuminate or acute; basal leaves long petiolate, petioles 5-20 cm, narrowly winged; petioles of leaves on stem and stolon shorter; blades of basal leaves deep green, triangular-cordate or ovate-cordate, 1.5-3 × 2-5.5 cm, both surfaces usually glabrous or sparsely puberulous along veins abaxially, base usually broadly cordate, rarely deeply cordate, sinus lunate, lobes large and spreading, margin sparsely and shallowly serrate, apex acute, rarely acuminate; blades of leaves on stem and stolon similar to those of basal leaves. Flowers light purplish or white, all produced from axils of leaves on stem and stolon; pedicels long, 2-bracteolate above middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, apex acute, basal auricles very short, suborbicular, margin narrowly membranous. Petals narrowly obovate, ca. 7.5 mm, lateral ones dark purple striate, inside sparsely bearded or glabrous, anterior one shorter, conspicuously dark purple striate, apex rounded; spur short, ca. 2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens short and stout, subequaling anthers, apex rounded. Ovary glabrous; styles clavate, base slightly geniculate, gradually thickened upward; stigmas 2-lobed, lobes thick, erect, raised in central part, shortly beaked at base in between lobes in front, beak turning upward, with a rounded stigma hole at tip. Capsule oblong, 6-8 mm, ca. 3 mm in diam., glabrous, apex acute. Seeds yellowish, ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm, ca. 1 mm in diam., with a membranous wing on one side at base. Fl. Mar-Jun. 2n = 24*.
Moist and marshy places, grasslands, grassy places on mountain slopes, thickets, forest margins, fields, alongside houses; usually at lower elevation, below 3000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Nepal, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam].
In FRPS (51: 105. 1991), the name Viola hamiltoniana D. Don was misapplied to this species.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）踩一下[0]
顶一下[1]