欧菱Trapa natans
中文名（Chinese Name）：欧菱
学名（Scientific Name）：Trapa natans L.
英文名（English Common Name）：water chestnut
别名（Chinese Common Name）：
异名（Synonym）：Trapa octotuberculata Miki Trapa mammillifera Miki Trapa macropoda Miki Trapa manshurica Flerow Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb. Trapa quadrispinosa var. yongxiuensis W. H. Wan Trapa pseudoincisa Nakai Trapa pseudoincisa var. complana Z. T. Xiong Trapa pseudoincisa var. nanchangensis W. H. Wan Trapa pseudoincisa var. aspinta Z. T. Xiong Trapa natans var. pumila Nakano Trapa litwinowii V. Vassil Trapa japonica Flerow Trapa arcuata S. H. Li et Y. L. Chang Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Trapa bicornis Osbeck Trapa bicornis var. taiwanensis (Nakai) Z. T. Xiong Trapa bicornis var. cochinchinensis (Lour.) H. Glück ex Steenis Trapa acornis Nakano Trapa potaninii V. N. Vassil. Trapa komarovii V. N. Vassil. Trapa manshurica f. komarovi (Skvortsov) S. H. Li et Y. L. Chang Trapa taiwanensis Nakai Trapa acounis Nakano Trapa litwinowii var. chichunensis S. F. Guan et Q. Lang Trapa natans var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino Trapa chinensis Lour. Trapa cochichinensis Lour. Trapa dimorphocarpa Diao Trapa manshurica var. bispinosa Flerow Trapa bicornis var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Nakano Trapa macropoda var. bisponosa W. H. Wan Trapa bispinosa var. iinumae Nakano 1913 Trapa amurensis var. komarovii Skvortsov Trapa amurensis Flerow Trapa bicornis var. acornis (Nakano) Z.T. Xiong Trapa bicornis var. quadrispinosa (Roxb.) Z.T. Xiong Trapa cochinchinensis Lour. Trapa japonica var. jeholensis (Nakai) Kitag. Trapa japonica var. longicollum Z.T. Xiong Trapa japonica var. magnicorona Z.T. Xiong Trapa japonica var. tuberculifera (V.N. Vassil.) Tzvelev Trapa jeholensis Nakai Trapa korshinskyi V.N. Vassil. Trapa litwinowii var. chihuensis S.F. Guan & Q. Lang Trapa natans f. quadrispinosa (Roxb.) Makino Trapa natans var. amurensis (Flerow) Kom. Trapa natans var. quadrispinosa (Roxb.) Makino Trapa pseudoincisa var. aspinosa Z.T. Xiong Trapa pseudoincisa var. potaninii (V.N. Vassil.) Tzvelev Trapa saissanica (Flerow) V.N. Vassil. Trapa sibirica var. saissanica Flerow Trapa sibirica var. ussuriensis Flerow Trapa sibirica Flerow Trapa tranzschelii V.N. Vassil. Trapa tuberculifera V.N. Vassil. Tribulus aquaticus Garsault
科属（Family & Genus）：菱科（Trapaceae）菱属
形态特征（Description）：一年生浮水水生草本植物。根二型：着泥根细铁丝状，生水底泥中；同化根，羽状细裂，裂片丝状，绿褐色。茎柔弱，分枝。叶二型：浮水叶互生，聚生于主茎和分枝茎顶端，形成莲座状菱盘，叶片三角形状菱圆形，表面深亮绿色，背面绿色带紫，疏生淡棕色短毛，尤其主侧脉明显，脉间有棕色斑块，每边侧脉4（5）条，叶边缘中上部具齿状缺刻或细锯齿，每齿先端再2浅裂，叶片长2-3厘米，宽2.5-4厘米，边缘中下部阔楔形，全缘，叶柄中上部膨大成海绵质气囊或不膨大、疏被淡褐色短毛；沉水叶小，早落。花小，单生于叶腋，两性，花梗长2-2.5厘米，花梗有毛；萼管4裂，密被淡褐色短毛；花瓣4，白色；雄蕊4，花丝纤细，花药丁字形着生，背部着生，内向；子房半下位；花盘鸡冠状，包围子房。果三角状菱形，具4刺角，2肩角斜上伸，2腰角向下伸，刺角扁锥状，果高和宽约2厘米，刺角长1-1.5厘米；果喙圆锥状、无果冠。
分布（Distribution）：产欧洲及亚洲的温暖地区，我国有栽培。
用途（Use）：果实较小，富含淀粉。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 13 Page 290, 291
Trapa natans Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 120. 1753.
欧菱 ou ling| Trapaceae | Trapa
Trapa acornis Nakano; T. amurensis Flerow; T. amurensis var. komarovii Skvortsov; T. arcuata S. H. Li & Y. L. Chang; T. bicornis Osbeck; T. bicornis var. acornis (Nakano) Z. T. Xiong; T. bicornis var. bispinosa (Roxburgh) Nakano; T. bi cornis var. cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Steenis; T. bicornis var. quadrispinosa (Roxburgh) Z. T. Xiong; T. bicornis var. taiwanensis (Nakai) Z. T. Xiong; T. bispinosa Roxburgh; T. bi spinosa var. iinumae Nakano; T. chinensis Loureiro; T. cochinchinensis Loureiro; T. dimorphocarpa Z. S. Diao; T. japonica Flerow; T. japonica var. jeholensis (Nakai) Kitagawa; T. japonica var. longicollum Z. T. Xiong; T. japonica var. magnicorona Z. T. Xiong; T. japonica var. tuberculifera (V. N. Vassiljev) Tzvelev; T. jeholensis Nakai; T. korshinskyi V. N. Vassiljev; T. litwinowii V. N. Vassiljev; T. litwinowii var. chi huensis S. F. Guan & Q. Lang; T. manshurica Flerow; T. manshurica var. bispinosa Flerow; T. manshurica f. komarovii (Skvortsov) S. H. Li & Y. L. Chang; T. natans var. amurensis (Flerow) Komarov; T. natans var. bicornis (Osbeck) Makino; T. natans var. bispinosa (Roxburgh) Makino; T. natans var. japonica Nakai; T. natans var. pumila Nakano ex Verdcourt; T. natans f. quadrispinosa (Roxburgh) Makino; T. natans var. quadrispinosa (Roxburgh) Makino; T. potaninii V. N. Vassiljev; T. pseudoincisa Nakai; T. pseudoincisa var. aspinosa Z. T. Xiong ["aspinfa"]; T. pseudoincisa var. complana Z. T. Xiong; T. pseudoincisa var. nanchangensis W. H. Wan; T. pseudo incisa var. potaninii (V. N. Vassiljev) Tzvelev; T. quadri spinosa Roxburgh; T. quadrispinosa var. yongxiuensis W. H. Wan; T. saissanica (Flerow) V. N. Vassiljev; T. sibirica Flerow; T. sibirica var. saissanica Flerow; T. sibirica var. ussuriens is Flerow; T. taiwanensis Nakai; T. transzchelii V. N. Vassiljev; T. tuberculifera V. N. Vassiljev.
Stem 2.5-6 mm in diam. Petiole (2-)5-18 cm, stout, ± swollen distally, pubescent; leaf blade glossy and dark green adaxially, greenish purple abaxially, often with colored spots between veins, deltoid-rhombic to oblate-rhombic, 4-6 × 4-8 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin irregularly dentate distally. Petals white, 7-10 mm. Fruit turbinate to shortly rhombic, 1.8-3 × 2-4.5 × 1-2.8 cm, (0-)2-4-horned, crest a prominent bulge to a thin rib, crown tetragonal to rounded, or dome-shaped, rarely crownless, 1-8(-11) mm, beak conic or a tuft of hairs; horns horizontal, ascending, or recurved, flat-triangular or broadly conic, 2-3.5 cm, apex barbellate or cultivated without barbs. Fl. May-Oct, fr. Jul-Nov. 2n = 44*, 46*, 48*, 76*, 90*, ?96.
Slow-moving rivers, lakes, swamps, ponds, also widely cultivated in China; near sea level to 2700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia (Iran), Europe; widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical Asia; naturalized in Australia and North America].
In FRPS (53(2): 7, 9. 2000), the names Trapa macropoda Miki, T. mammillifera Miki, and T. octotuberculata Miki, all of which are based on fossil types, were misapplied to plants of T. natans.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Trapa natans L.
英文名（English Common Name）：water chestnut
别名（Chinese Common Name）：
异名（Synonym）：Trapa octotuberculata Miki Trapa mammillifera Miki Trapa macropoda Miki Trapa manshurica Flerow Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb. Trapa quadrispinosa var. yongxiuensis W. H. Wan Trapa pseudoincisa Nakai Trapa pseudoincisa var. complana Z. T. Xiong Trapa pseudoincisa var. nanchangensis W. H. Wan Trapa pseudoincisa var. aspinta Z. T. Xiong Trapa natans var. pumila Nakano Trapa litwinowii V. Vassil Trapa japonica Flerow Trapa arcuata S. H. Li et Y. L. Chang Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Trapa bicornis Osbeck Trapa bicornis var. taiwanensis (Nakai) Z. T. Xiong Trapa bicornis var. cochinchinensis (Lour.) H. Glück ex Steenis Trapa acornis Nakano Trapa potaninii V. N. Vassil. Trapa komarovii V. N. Vassil. Trapa manshurica f. komarovi (Skvortsov) S. H. Li et Y. L. Chang Trapa taiwanensis Nakai Trapa acounis Nakano Trapa litwinowii var. chichunensis S. F. Guan et Q. Lang Trapa natans var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino Trapa chinensis Lour. Trapa cochichinensis Lour. Trapa dimorphocarpa Diao Trapa manshurica var. bispinosa Flerow Trapa bicornis var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Nakano Trapa macropoda var. bisponosa W. H. Wan Trapa bispinosa var. iinumae Nakano 1913 Trapa amurensis var. komarovii Skvortsov Trapa amurensis Flerow Trapa bicornis var. acornis (Nakano) Z.T. Xiong Trapa bicornis var. quadrispinosa (Roxb.) Z.T. Xiong Trapa cochinchinensis Lour. Trapa japonica var. jeholensis (Nakai) Kitag. Trapa japonica var. longicollum Z.T. Xiong Trapa japonica var. magnicorona Z.T. Xiong Trapa japonica var. tuberculifera (V.N. Vassil.) Tzvelev Trapa jeholensis Nakai Trapa korshinskyi V.N. Vassil. Trapa litwinowii var. chihuensis S.F. Guan & Q. Lang Trapa natans f. quadrispinosa (Roxb.) Makino Trapa natans var. amurensis (Flerow) Kom. Trapa natans var. quadrispinosa (Roxb.) Makino Trapa pseudoincisa var. aspinosa Z.T. Xiong Trapa pseudoincisa var. potaninii (V.N. Vassil.) Tzvelev Trapa saissanica (Flerow) V.N. Vassil. Trapa sibirica var. saissanica Flerow Trapa sibirica var. ussuriensis Flerow Trapa sibirica Flerow Trapa tranzschelii V.N. Vassil. Trapa tuberculifera V.N. Vassil. Tribulus aquaticus Garsault
科属（Family & Genus）：菱科（Trapaceae）菱属
形态特征（Description）：一年生浮水水生草本植物。根二型：着泥根细铁丝状，生水底泥中；同化根，羽状细裂，裂片丝状，绿褐色。茎柔弱，分枝。叶二型：浮水叶互生，聚生于主茎和分枝茎顶端，形成莲座状菱盘，叶片三角形状菱圆形，表面深亮绿色，背面绿色带紫，疏生淡棕色短毛，尤其主侧脉明显，脉间有棕色斑块，每边侧脉4（5）条，叶边缘中上部具齿状缺刻或细锯齿，每齿先端再2浅裂，叶片长2-3厘米，宽2.5-4厘米，边缘中下部阔楔形，全缘，叶柄中上部膨大成海绵质气囊或不膨大、疏被淡褐色短毛；沉水叶小，早落。花小，单生于叶腋，两性，花梗长2-2.5厘米，花梗有毛；萼管4裂，密被淡褐色短毛；花瓣4，白色；雄蕊4，花丝纤细，花药丁字形着生，背部着生，内向；子房半下位；花盘鸡冠状，包围子房。果三角状菱形，具4刺角，2肩角斜上伸，2腰角向下伸，刺角扁锥状，果高和宽约2厘米，刺角长1-1.5厘米；果喙圆锥状、无果冠。
分布（Distribution）：产欧洲及亚洲的温暖地区，我国有栽培。
用途（Use）：果实较小，富含淀粉。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 13 Page 290, 291
Trapa natans Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 120. 1753.
欧菱 ou ling| Trapaceae | Trapa
Trapa acornis Nakano; T. amurensis Flerow; T. amurensis var. komarovii Skvortsov; T. arcuata S. H. Li & Y. L. Chang; T. bicornis Osbeck; T. bicornis var. acornis (Nakano) Z. T. Xiong; T. bicornis var. bispinosa (Roxburgh) Nakano; T. bi cornis var. cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Steenis; T. bicornis var. quadrispinosa (Roxburgh) Z. T. Xiong; T. bicornis var. taiwanensis (Nakai) Z. T. Xiong; T. bispinosa Roxburgh; T. bi spinosa var. iinumae Nakano; T. chinensis Loureiro; T. cochinchinensis Loureiro; T. dimorphocarpa Z. S. Diao; T. japonica Flerow; T. japonica var. jeholensis (Nakai) Kitagawa; T. japonica var. longicollum Z. T. Xiong; T. japonica var. magnicorona Z. T. Xiong; T. japonica var. tuberculifera (V. N. Vassiljev) Tzvelev; T. jeholensis Nakai; T. korshinskyi V. N. Vassiljev; T. litwinowii V. N. Vassiljev; T. litwinowii var. chi huensis S. F. Guan & Q. Lang; T. manshurica Flerow; T. manshurica var. bispinosa Flerow; T. manshurica f. komarovii (Skvortsov) S. H. Li & Y. L. Chang; T. natans var. amurensis (Flerow) Komarov; T. natans var. bicornis (Osbeck) Makino; T. natans var. bispinosa (Roxburgh) Makino; T. natans var. japonica Nakai; T. natans var. pumila Nakano ex Verdcourt; T. natans f. quadrispinosa (Roxburgh) Makino; T. natans var. quadrispinosa (Roxburgh) Makino; T. potaninii V. N. Vassiljev; T. pseudoincisa Nakai; T. pseudoincisa var. aspinosa Z. T. Xiong ["aspinfa"]; T. pseudoincisa var. complana Z. T. Xiong; T. pseudoincisa var. nanchangensis W. H. Wan; T. pseudo incisa var. potaninii (V. N. Vassiljev) Tzvelev; T. quadri spinosa Roxburgh; T. quadrispinosa var. yongxiuensis W. H. Wan; T. saissanica (Flerow) V. N. Vassiljev; T. sibirica Flerow; T. sibirica var. saissanica Flerow; T. sibirica var. ussuriens is Flerow; T. taiwanensis Nakai; T. transzchelii V. N. Vassiljev; T. tuberculifera V. N. Vassiljev.
Stem 2.5-6 mm in diam. Petiole (2-)5-18 cm, stout, ± swollen distally, pubescent; leaf blade glossy and dark green adaxially, greenish purple abaxially, often with colored spots between veins, deltoid-rhombic to oblate-rhombic, 4-6 × 4-8 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin irregularly dentate distally. Petals white, 7-10 mm. Fruit turbinate to shortly rhombic, 1.8-3 × 2-4.5 × 1-2.8 cm, (0-)2-4-horned, crest a prominent bulge to a thin rib, crown tetragonal to rounded, or dome-shaped, rarely crownless, 1-8(-11) mm, beak conic or a tuft of hairs; horns horizontal, ascending, or recurved, flat-triangular or broadly conic, 2-3.5 cm, apex barbellate or cultivated without barbs. Fl. May-Oct, fr. Jul-Nov. 2n = 44*, 46*, 48*, 76*, 90*, ?96.
Slow-moving rivers, lakes, swamps, ponds, also widely cultivated in China; near sea level to 2700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia (Iran), Europe; widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical Asia; naturalized in Australia and North America].
In FRPS (53(2): 7, 9. 2000), the names Trapa macropoda Miki, T. mammillifera Miki, and T. octotuberculata Miki, all of which are based on fossil types, were misapplied to plants of T. natans.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
踩一下[2]
顶一下[11]