车前Plantago asiatica

中文名(Chinese Name):车前
学名(Scientific Name):Plantago asiatica Linnaeus
英文名(English Common Name):
别名(Chinese Common Name):车轮草、车轱辘菜
异名(Synonym):Plantago asiatica var. brevior Pilg.  Plantago hostifolia Nakai et King  Plantago formosana Tateishi  Plantago asiatica var. laxa Pilg.  Plantago major var. asiatica (L.) Decne.  Plantago asiatica var. lobulata Pilg.  Plantago asiatica f. folioscopa (T. Ito) Honda  Plantago asiatica var. densiuscula Pilg.  Plantago asiatica f. paniculata (Makino) Hara  Plantago asiatica f. rosea Makino ex Nakai  Plantago major var. asiatica f. paniculata Makino  Plantago major var. folioscopa T. Ito
科属Family & Genus):车前科(Plantaginaceae)车前属
形态特征Description):二年生或多年生草本。须根多数。根茎短,稍粗。叶基生呈莲座状,平卧、斜展或直立;叶片薄纸质或纸质,宽卵形至宽椭圆形,长4-12厘米,宽2.5-6.5厘米,先端钝圆至急尖,边缘波状、全缘或中部以下有锯齿、牙齿或裂齿,基部宽楔形或近圆形,多少下延,两面疏生短柔毛;脉5-7条;叶柄长2-15(-27)厘米,基部扩大成鞘,疏生短柔毛。花序3-10个,直立或弓曲上升;花序梗长5-30厘米,有纵条纹,疏生白色短柔毛;穗状花序细圆柱状,长3-40厘米,紧密或稀疏,下部常间断;苞片狭卵状三角形或三角状披针形,长2-3毫米,长过于宽,龙骨突宽厚,无毛或先端疏生短毛。花具短梗;花萼长2-3毫米,萼片先端钝圆或钝尖,龙骨突不延至顶端,前对萼片椭圆形,龙骨突较宽,两侧片稍不对称,后对萼片宽倒卵状椭圆形或宽倒卵形。花冠白色,无毛,冠筒与萼片约等长,裂片狭三角形,长约1.5毫米,先端渐尖或急尖,具明显的中脉,于花后反折。雄蕊着生于冠筒内面近基部,与花柱明显外伸,花药卵状椭圆形,长1-1.2毫米,顶端具宽三角形突起,白色,干后变淡褐色。胚珠7-15(-18)。蒴果纺锤状卵形、卵球形或圆锥状卵形,长3-4.5毫米,于基部上方周裂。种子5-6(-12),卵状椭圆形或椭圆形,长(1.2-)1.5-2毫米,具角,黑褐色至黑色,背腹面微隆起;子叶背腹向排列。花期4-8月,果期6-9月。
分布(Distribution):全国大部分省区有分布,生于海拔3-3200米草地、沟边、河岸湿地、田边、路旁或村边空旷处。朝鲜、俄罗斯、日本、尼泊尔、马来西亚、印度尼西亚也有分布。
用途(Use):
引自中国植物志英文版:FOC Vol. 19 Page 495, 497   
Plantago asiatica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 113. 1753.
车前 che qian| Plantaginaceae  | Plantago
Herbs, perennial. Roots numerous, fibrous. Leaves basal; petiole 2-15(-27) cm, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 4-12 × 2.5-6.5 cm, thinly papery to papery, sparsely pubescent, veins 3-7, base broadly cuneate to subrounded and decurrent onto petiole, margin entire, repand, serrate, or dentate, apex obtuse to acute. Spikes narrowly cylindric, 3-40 cm, loosely to densely flowered, sometimes interrupted basally; peduncle 5-30 cm, white pubescent; bracts narrowly ovate-triangular to triangular-lanceolate, 2-3 mm, glabrous or pubescent at apex, keel thick. Sepals 2-4 mm, keel extending or not extending to apex, apex obtuse, rounded, or acute; lower sepals elliptic, keel broad; upper sepals broadly obovate-elliptic to broadly obovate. Corolla white, glabrous; lobes narrowly triangular, (0.7-)1-1.5 mm, patent to reflexed, apex acuminate to acute. Stamens adnate only to near base of corolla tube, exserted; anthers white, ovoid-ellipsoid, 1-1.2 mm. Pyxis fusiform-ovoid, ovoid, conic-ovoid, or narrowly conic-ovoid, 3-6(-8) mm, circumscissile near base, with 5-15 seeds. Seeds blackish brown, ovoid-ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 1.2-2 mm, angled, ventral face prominent to slightly flat; cotyledons parallel to ventral side. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Jun-Sep.
Mountain slopes, ravines, riverbanks, fields, roadsides, wastelands, lawns; near sea level to 3800 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka].
Although Plantago asiatica and P. erosa (P. asiatica subsp. erosa) have sometimes been treated as synonyms of P. major (J. Parnell, Fl. Thailand 9(2): 153. 2008), molecular evidence does not support this (N. Rønsted et al., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 139: 323-338. 2002; N. Ishikawa et al., Amer. J. Bot. 96: 1627-1635. 2009).
车前Plantago asiatica

车前Plantago asiatica(责任编辑:徐晔春)

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