冻绿Rhamnus utilis
中文名（Chinese Name）：冻绿
学名（Scientific Name）：Rhamnus utilis Decne.
英文名（English Common Name）：Chinese buckthorn
别名（Chinese Common Name）：红冻、冻绿树
异名（Synonym）：Rhamnus utilis f. glaber Rehder
科属（Family & Genus）：鼠李科（Rhamnaceae）鼠李属
形态特征（Description）：灌木或小乔木，高达4米；幼枝无毛，小枝褐色或紫红色，稍平滑，对生或近对生，枝端常具针刺；腋芽小，长2-3毫米，有数个鳞片，鳞片边缘有白色缘毛。叶纸质，对生或近对生，或在短枝上簇生，椭圆形、矩圆形或倒卵状椭圆形，长4-15厘米，宽2-6.5厘米，顶端突尖或锐尖，基部楔形或稀圆形，边缘具细锯齿或圆齿状锯齿，上面无毛或仅中脉具疏柔毛，下面干后常变黄色，沿脉或脉腋有金黄色柔毛，侧脉每边通常5-6条，两面均凸起，具明显的网脉，叶柄长0.5-1.5厘米，上面具小沟，有疏微毛或无毛；托叶披针形，常具疏毛，宿存。花单性，雌雄异株，4基数，具花瓣；花梗长5-7毫米，无毛；雄花数个簇生于叶腋，或10-30余个聚生于小枝下部，有退化的雌蕊；雌花2-6个簇生于叶腋或小枝下部；退化雄蕊小，花柱较长，2浅裂或半裂。核果圆球形或近球形，成熟时黑色，具2分核，基部有宿存的萼筒；梗长5-12毫米，无毛；种子背侧基部有短沟。花期4-6月，果期5-8月。
分布（Distribution）：产西北、华中、西南、华东及华南部分省区，常生于海拔1500米以下的山地、丘陵、山坡草丛、灌丛或疏林下。朝鲜、日本也有分布。
用途（Use）：种子油作润滑油；果实、树皮及叶合黄色染料。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 12 Page 144, 156
Rhamnus utilis Decaisne, Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 44: 1141. 1857.
冻绿 dong lü| Rhamnaceae | Rhamnus
Shrubs or small trees, dioecious, to 4 m tall, mainly spinose, rarely unarmed. Branches opposite to subopposite; young branches whitish to grayish pubescent, glabrescent, terminating in a bud or spine; old branches brown or purple-red, smooth. Leaves opposite to subopposite or fascicled on short shoots; stipules lanceolate, often pilose, persistent; petiole 0.5-1.5 cm, adaxially canaliculate; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark green, shiny, elliptic, oblong, or obovate-elliptic, 4-15 × 2-6.5 cm, papery to subleathery, abaxially golden-yellow pubescent on veins, adaxially mostly glabrous, lateral veins 5 or 6(-8) pairs, prominent on both surfaces, base cuneate or rarely rounded, sometimes slightly asymmetric, margin finely serrate, apex acute. Flowers unisexual, 4-merous. Pedicels 5-7 mm, glabrous, white pilose, or gray pubescent. Calyx puberulent or glabrous. Petals present. Male flowers few fascicled in leaf axils or 10-30-fascicled at lower part of branchlets, with rudimentary pistil. Female flowers 2-6-fascicled in leaf axils or at lower part of branchlets; rudimentary stamens small; style long, 2-fid or cleft to half. Drupe black at maturity, globose or subglobose, with 2 stones, with persistent calyx tube at base; fruiting pedicel 5-12 mm, glabrous. Seeds abaxially-laterally with margined short furrow at base. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. May-Aug.
Forests, thickets, mountains, hills, grassy slopes; below 3300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
Oil extracted from the seeds is used for making lubricating oil. The fruit, bark, and leaves contain yellow dye.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Rhamnus utilis Decne.
英文名（English Common Name）：Chinese buckthorn
别名（Chinese Common Name）：红冻、冻绿树
异名（Synonym）：Rhamnus utilis f. glaber Rehder
科属（Family & Genus）：鼠李科（Rhamnaceae）鼠李属
形态特征（Description）：灌木或小乔木，高达4米；幼枝无毛，小枝褐色或紫红色，稍平滑，对生或近对生，枝端常具针刺；腋芽小，长2-3毫米，有数个鳞片，鳞片边缘有白色缘毛。叶纸质，对生或近对生，或在短枝上簇生，椭圆形、矩圆形或倒卵状椭圆形，长4-15厘米，宽2-6.5厘米，顶端突尖或锐尖，基部楔形或稀圆形，边缘具细锯齿或圆齿状锯齿，上面无毛或仅中脉具疏柔毛，下面干后常变黄色，沿脉或脉腋有金黄色柔毛，侧脉每边通常5-6条，两面均凸起，具明显的网脉，叶柄长0.5-1.5厘米，上面具小沟，有疏微毛或无毛；托叶披针形，常具疏毛，宿存。花单性，雌雄异株，4基数，具花瓣；花梗长5-7毫米，无毛；雄花数个簇生于叶腋，或10-30余个聚生于小枝下部，有退化的雌蕊；雌花2-6个簇生于叶腋或小枝下部；退化雄蕊小，花柱较长，2浅裂或半裂。核果圆球形或近球形，成熟时黑色，具2分核，基部有宿存的萼筒；梗长5-12毫米，无毛；种子背侧基部有短沟。花期4-6月，果期5-8月。
分布（Distribution）：产西北、华中、西南、华东及华南部分省区，常生于海拔1500米以下的山地、丘陵、山坡草丛、灌丛或疏林下。朝鲜、日本也有分布。
用途（Use）：种子油作润滑油；果实、树皮及叶合黄色染料。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 12 Page 144, 156
Rhamnus utilis Decaisne, Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 44: 1141. 1857.
冻绿 dong lü| Rhamnaceae | Rhamnus
Shrubs or small trees, dioecious, to 4 m tall, mainly spinose, rarely unarmed. Branches opposite to subopposite; young branches whitish to grayish pubescent, glabrescent, terminating in a bud or spine; old branches brown or purple-red, smooth. Leaves opposite to subopposite or fascicled on short shoots; stipules lanceolate, often pilose, persistent; petiole 0.5-1.5 cm, adaxially canaliculate; leaf blade abaxially yellow-green, adaxially dark green, shiny, elliptic, oblong, or obovate-elliptic, 4-15 × 2-6.5 cm, papery to subleathery, abaxially golden-yellow pubescent on veins, adaxially mostly glabrous, lateral veins 5 or 6(-8) pairs, prominent on both surfaces, base cuneate or rarely rounded, sometimes slightly asymmetric, margin finely serrate, apex acute. Flowers unisexual, 4-merous. Pedicels 5-7 mm, glabrous, white pilose, or gray pubescent. Calyx puberulent or glabrous. Petals present. Male flowers few fascicled in leaf axils or 10-30-fascicled at lower part of branchlets, with rudimentary pistil. Female flowers 2-6-fascicled in leaf axils or at lower part of branchlets; rudimentary stamens small; style long, 2-fid or cleft to half. Drupe black at maturity, globose or subglobose, with 2 stones, with persistent calyx tube at base; fruiting pedicel 5-12 mm, glabrous. Seeds abaxially-laterally with margined short furrow at base. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. May-Aug.
Forests, thickets, mountains, hills, grassy slopes; below 3300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
Oil extracted from the seeds is used for making lubricating oil. The fruit, bark, and leaves contain yellow dye.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
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