大车前Plantago major
中文名（Chinese Name）：大车前
学名（Scientific Name）：Plantago major Linn.
英文名（English Common Name）：common plantain
别名（Chinese Common Name）：大猪耳朵草
异名（Synonym）：Plantago sawadai (Yamam.) Yamam. Plantago macro-nipponica Yamam. Plantago major f. sinuata (Lam.) Pilg. Plantago major subsp. pleiosperma Pilg. Plantago major var. sawadai Yamam. Plantago major var. sinuata (Lam.) Decne. Plantago sinuata Lam. Plantago gigas H. Lév. Plantago major var. jehohlensis (Koidz) S. H. Li Plantago jepohlensis Koidz. Plantago major var. kimurae Yamam. Plantago major var. paludosa Bél. Plantago major var. pauciflora (Gilib.) Bél. Plantago major var. salina Wirtgen Plantago intermedia Gilib. Plantago major subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange Plantago major var. gigas (Lév.) Lév. Plantago halophila Bickn. Plantago major var. intermedia (DC.) Pilger Plantago major var. pachyphylla Pilger Plantago major var. pilgeri Domin Plantago major var. scopulorum Fries & Broberg Plantago borysthenica Wissjul. Plantago dregeana Decne. Plantago major f. scopulorum FRIES Plantago major var. borysthenica Rogow. Plantago officinarum Crantz
科属（Family & Genus）：车前科（Plantaginaceae）车前属
形态特征（Description）：二年生或多年生草本。须根多数。根茎粗短。叶基生呈莲座状，平卧、斜展或直立；叶片草质、薄纸质或纸质，宽卵形至宽椭圆形，长3-18 (-30)厘米，宽2-11 (-21）厘米，先端钝尖或急尖，边缘波状、疏生不规则牙齿或近全缘，两面疏生短柔毛或近无毛，少数被较密的柔毛，脉(3-）5-7条；叶柄长（1-) 3-10 (-26)厘米，基部鞘状，常被毛。花序1至数个；花序梗直立或弓曲上升，长（2-）5-18 (-45)厘米，有纵条纹，被短柔毛或柔毛；穗状花序细圆柱状，(1-) 3-20 (-40)厘米，基部常间断；苞片宽卵状三角形，长1.2-2毫米，宽与长约相等或略超过，无毛或先端疏生短毛，龙骨突宽厚。花无梗；花萼长1.5-2.5毫米，萼片先端圆形，无毛或疏生短缘毛，边缘膜质，龙骨突不达顶端，前对萼片椭圆形至宽椭圆形，后对萼片宽椭圆形至近圆形。花冠白色，无毛，冠筒等长或略长于萼片，裂片披针形至狭卵形，长1-1.5毫米，于花后反折。雄蕊着生于冠筒内面近基部，与花柱明显外伸，花药椭圆形，长1-1.2毫米，通常初为淡紫色，稀白色，干后变淡褐色。胚珠12至40余个。蒴果近球形、卵球形或宽椭圆球形，长2-3毫米，于中部或稍低处周裂。种子（8-)12-24（-34），卵形、椭圆形或菱形，长0.8-1.2毫米，具角，腹面隆起或近平坦，黄褐色；子叶背腹向排列。花期6-8月，果期7-9月。
分布（Distribution）：产我国大部分省区，生于海拔2800米以下草地、草甸、河滩、沟边、沼泽地、山坡路旁、田边或荒地。分布欧亚大陆温带及寒温带，在世界各地归化。
用途（Use）：
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 19 Page 495, 497
Plantago major Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 112. 1753.
大车前 da che qian| Plantaginaceae | Plantago
Plantago gigas H. Léveillé; P. intermedia Gilibert; P. jehohlensis Koidzumi ["jepohlensis"]; P. macronipponica Yamamoto; P. major var. gigas (H. Léveillé) H. Léveillé; P. major subsp. intermedia (Gilibert) Lange; P. major var. jehohlensis (Koidzumi) S. H. Li; P. major var. kimurae Yamamoto; P. major var. paludosa Béguinot; P. major var. pauciflora (Gilibert) Béguinot; P. major subsp. pleiosperma Pilger; P. major var. sawadae Yamamoto; P. major var. sinuata (Lamarck) Decaisne; P. pauciflora Gilibert; P. sawadae (Yamamoto) Yamamoto; P. sinuata Lamarck; P. villifera Kitagawa (1935), not Franchet (1879).
Herbs, perennial. Roots numerous, fibrous. Leaves basal, pubescent to subglabrous; petiole 1-10(-26) cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 3-18(-30) × 2-11(-21) cm, herbaceous to papery, veins (3 or)5 or 7, base cuneate, subrounded, or cordate, ± decurrent onto petiole, margin remotely dentate to subentire, apex acute to obtuse. Spikes narrowly cylindric to cylindric, 1-20(-40) cm, usually interrupted basally; peduncle 2-18(-45) cm, pubescent; bracts broadly ovate-triangular, 1.2-2 mm, glabrous or pubescent at apex, keel broad and thick. Flowers sessile. Sepals 1.5-2.5 mm, glabrous or ciliolate, keel not extending to apex, apex rounded; lower sepals elliptic to broadly elliptic; upper sepals broader. Corolla white, glabrous; lobes narrowly ovate, 1-1.5 mm, patent to reflexed. Stamens adnate only to near base of corolla tube, exserted; anthers purplish or white, ellipsoid, 1-1.2 mm. Pyxis subglobose, ovoid, or broadly ellipsoid, 2-3 mm, circumscissile at or just below middle, with (8-)12-24(-34) seeds. Seeds yellowish brown, ovoid, ellipsoid, or rhomboid, 0.8-1.2 mm, angled, ventral face prominent to slightly flat; cotyledons parallel to ventral side. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 12, 18, 24.
Meadows, wet places, wastelands; near sea level to 2800 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Nepal, Pakistan; C, N, and SW Asia, Europe].
Plantago major is widely naturalized throughout much of the world.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Plantago major Linn.
英文名（English Common Name）：common plantain
别名（Chinese Common Name）：大猪耳朵草
异名（Synonym）：Plantago sawadai (Yamam.) Yamam. Plantago macro-nipponica Yamam. Plantago major f. sinuata (Lam.) Pilg. Plantago major subsp. pleiosperma Pilg. Plantago major var. sawadai Yamam. Plantago major var. sinuata (Lam.) Decne. Plantago sinuata Lam. Plantago gigas H. Lév. Plantago major var. jehohlensis (Koidz) S. H. Li Plantago jepohlensis Koidz. Plantago major var. kimurae Yamam. Plantago major var. paludosa Bél. Plantago major var. pauciflora (Gilib.) Bél. Plantago major var. salina Wirtgen Plantago intermedia Gilib. Plantago major subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange Plantago major var. gigas (Lév.) Lév. Plantago halophila Bickn. Plantago major var. intermedia (DC.) Pilger Plantago major var. pachyphylla Pilger Plantago major var. pilgeri Domin Plantago major var. scopulorum Fries & Broberg Plantago borysthenica Wissjul. Plantago dregeana Decne. Plantago major f. scopulorum FRIES Plantago major var. borysthenica Rogow. Plantago officinarum Crantz
科属（Family & Genus）：车前科（Plantaginaceae）车前属
形态特征（Description）：二年生或多年生草本。须根多数。根茎粗短。叶基生呈莲座状，平卧、斜展或直立；叶片草质、薄纸质或纸质，宽卵形至宽椭圆形，长3-18 (-30)厘米，宽2-11 (-21）厘米，先端钝尖或急尖，边缘波状、疏生不规则牙齿或近全缘，两面疏生短柔毛或近无毛，少数被较密的柔毛，脉(3-）5-7条；叶柄长（1-) 3-10 (-26)厘米，基部鞘状，常被毛。花序1至数个；花序梗直立或弓曲上升，长（2-）5-18 (-45)厘米，有纵条纹，被短柔毛或柔毛；穗状花序细圆柱状，(1-) 3-20 (-40)厘米，基部常间断；苞片宽卵状三角形，长1.2-2毫米，宽与长约相等或略超过，无毛或先端疏生短毛，龙骨突宽厚。花无梗；花萼长1.5-2.5毫米，萼片先端圆形，无毛或疏生短缘毛，边缘膜质，龙骨突不达顶端，前对萼片椭圆形至宽椭圆形，后对萼片宽椭圆形至近圆形。花冠白色，无毛，冠筒等长或略长于萼片，裂片披针形至狭卵形，长1-1.5毫米，于花后反折。雄蕊着生于冠筒内面近基部，与花柱明显外伸，花药椭圆形，长1-1.2毫米，通常初为淡紫色，稀白色，干后变淡褐色。胚珠12至40余个。蒴果近球形、卵球形或宽椭圆球形，长2-3毫米，于中部或稍低处周裂。种子（8-)12-24（-34），卵形、椭圆形或菱形，长0.8-1.2毫米，具角，腹面隆起或近平坦，黄褐色；子叶背腹向排列。花期6-8月，果期7-9月。
分布（Distribution）：产我国大部分省区，生于海拔2800米以下草地、草甸、河滩、沟边、沼泽地、山坡路旁、田边或荒地。分布欧亚大陆温带及寒温带，在世界各地归化。
用途（Use）：
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 19 Page 495, 497
Plantago major Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 112. 1753.
大车前 da che qian| Plantaginaceae | Plantago
Plantago gigas H. Léveillé; P. intermedia Gilibert; P. jehohlensis Koidzumi ["jepohlensis"]; P. macronipponica Yamamoto; P. major var. gigas (H. Léveillé) H. Léveillé; P. major subsp. intermedia (Gilibert) Lange; P. major var. jehohlensis (Koidzumi) S. H. Li; P. major var. kimurae Yamamoto; P. major var. paludosa Béguinot; P. major var. pauciflora (Gilibert) Béguinot; P. major subsp. pleiosperma Pilger; P. major var. sawadae Yamamoto; P. major var. sinuata (Lamarck) Decaisne; P. pauciflora Gilibert; P. sawadae (Yamamoto) Yamamoto; P. sinuata Lamarck; P. villifera Kitagawa (1935), not Franchet (1879).
Herbs, perennial. Roots numerous, fibrous. Leaves basal, pubescent to subglabrous; petiole 1-10(-26) cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 3-18(-30) × 2-11(-21) cm, herbaceous to papery, veins (3 or)5 or 7, base cuneate, subrounded, or cordate, ± decurrent onto petiole, margin remotely dentate to subentire, apex acute to obtuse. Spikes narrowly cylindric to cylindric, 1-20(-40) cm, usually interrupted basally; peduncle 2-18(-45) cm, pubescent; bracts broadly ovate-triangular, 1.2-2 mm, glabrous or pubescent at apex, keel broad and thick. Flowers sessile. Sepals 1.5-2.5 mm, glabrous or ciliolate, keel not extending to apex, apex rounded; lower sepals elliptic to broadly elliptic; upper sepals broader. Corolla white, glabrous; lobes narrowly ovate, 1-1.5 mm, patent to reflexed. Stamens adnate only to near base of corolla tube, exserted; anthers purplish or white, ellipsoid, 1-1.2 mm. Pyxis subglobose, ovoid, or broadly ellipsoid, 2-3 mm, circumscissile at or just below middle, with (8-)12-24(-34) seeds. Seeds yellowish brown, ovoid, ellipsoid, or rhomboid, 0.8-1.2 mm, angled, ventral face prominent to slightly flat; cotyledons parallel to ventral side. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 12, 18, 24.
Meadows, wet places, wastelands; near sea level to 2800 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Nepal, Pakistan; C, N, and SW Asia, Europe].
Plantago major is widely naturalized throughout much of the world.
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