皂荚Gleditsia sinensis

中文名(Chinese Name):皂荚
学名(Scientific Name):Gleditsia sinensis Lam.
英文名(English Common Name):
别名(Chinese Common Name):皂角
异名(Synonym):Caesalpiniodes macracanthum (Desf.) Kuntze  Gleditsia macracantha Desf.  Gleditsia officinalis Hemsl.  Gleditsia xylocarpa Hance  Gymnocladus williamsii Hance  Caesalpiniodes sinense (Lam.) Kuntze  Gleditsia sinensis var. inermis Loudon  Gleditsia sinensis var. purpurea Hort. ex Loudon  Gleditsia indica Lavallée  Gleditsia fontanesii Spach
科属(Family & Genus):云实科,Caesalpiniaceae皂荚属
形态特征(Description):落叶乔木或小乔木,高可达30米;枝灰色至深褐色;刺粗壮,圆柱形,常分枝,多呈圆锥状,长达16厘米。叶为一回羽状复叶,长10-18(26)厘米;小叶(2)3-9对,纸质,卵状披针形至长圆形,长2-8.5 (12.5)厘米,宽1-4(6)厘米,先端急尖或渐尖,顶端圆钝,具小尖头,基部圆形或楔形,有时稍歪斜,边缘具细锯齿,上面被短柔毛,下面中脉上稍被柔毛;网脉明显,在两面凸起;小叶柄长1-2(5)毫米,被短柔毛。花杂性,黄白色,组成总状花序;花序腋生或顶生,长5-14厘米,被短柔毛;雄花:直径9-10毫米;花梗长2-8(10)毫米;花托长2.5-3毫米,深棕色,外面被柔毛;萼片4,三角状披针形,长3毫米,两面被柔毛;花瓣4,长圆形,长4-5毫米,被微柔毛;雄蕊8(6);退化雌蕊长2.5毫米;两性花:直径10-12毫米;花梗长2-5毫米;萼、花瓣与雄花的相似,惟萼片长4-5毫米,花瓣长5-6毫米;雄蕊8;子房缝线上及基部被毛(偶有少数湖北标本子房全体被毛),柱头浅2裂;胚珠多数。荚果带状,长12-37厘米,宽2-4厘米,劲直或扭曲,果肉稍厚,两面臌起,或有的荚果短小,多少呈柱形,长5-13厘米,宽1-1.5厘米,弯曲作新月形,通常称猪牙皂,内无种子;果颈长1-3.5厘米;果瓣革质,褐棕色或红褐色,常被白色粉霜;种子多颗,长圆形或椭圆形,长11-13毫米,宽8-9毫米,棕色,光亮。花期3-5月;果期5-12月。
分布(Distribution):产我国大部分省区,生于海拔自平地至2500米山坡林中或谷地、路旁。
用途(Use):本种木材坚硬,为车辆、家具用材;荚果煎汁可代肥皂用以洗涤丝毛织物;嫩芽油盐调食,其子煮熟糖渍可食。荚、子、刺均入药,有祛痰通窍、镇咳利尿、消肿排脓、杀虫治癣之效。
引自植物志英文版:FOC Vol. 10 Page 37, 38
Gleditsia sinensis Lamarck, Encycl. 2: 465. 1788.
皂荚 zao jia| Fabaceae  | Gleditsia
Gleditsia horrida Willdenow; G. macracantha Desfon­taines; G. officinalis Hemsley.
Trees or small trees, to 30 m tall. Branches grayish to deep brown. Spines robust, terete, conical, to 16 cm, often branched. Leaves pinnate, 10-18(-26) cm; petiolules 1-2(-5) mm, puber­ulent; leaflets (2 or)3-9 pairs, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 2-8.5(-12.5) × 1-4(-6) cm, papery, abaxially slightly pubescent on midvein, adaxially puberulent, reticulate veinlets conspicu­ously raised on both surfaces, base rounded or cuneate, some­times slightly oblique, margin serrate, apex acute or acuminate, tip rounded, mucronate. Flowers polygamous, yellowish white, in axillary or terminal, puberulent racemes 5-14 cm. Male flowers: 9-10 mm in diam.; pedicels 2-8(-10) mm; receptacle deep brown, 2.5-3 mm, outside pubescent; sepals 4, triangular-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, both sides pubescent; petals 4, oblong, 4-5 mm, puberulent; stamens (6-)8; rudimentary pistil ca. 2.5 mm. Bisexual flowers: 10-12 mm in diam.; pedicels 2-5 mm; sepals and petals similar to those of male flowers but longer; stamens 8; ovary hairy at base and on sutures; ovules numer­ous; stigma 2-lobed. Legume brown or reddish brown, curved, strap-shaped, 12-37 × 2-4 cm, straight or twisted, with slightly thick pulp, swollen on both surfaces, some legumes shorter and smaller, ± terete, 5-13 × 1-1.5 cm, without seeds; stipe 1-3.5 cm; valves leathery, often farinose. Seeds numerous, brown, shiny, oblong or elliptic, 11-13 × 8-9 mm. Fl. Mar-May, fr. May-Dec. 2n = 28*.
● Mountain slopes, forests, valleys, near roads; 200-2500 m. An­hui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hu­bei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, ?Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yun­nan, Zhejiang.
Specimens from Sichuan called "zhu ya zao," named as Gleditsia officinalis, with curved, small fruit without seeds, are an abnormal type and are referable to this species.
皂荚Gleditsia sinensis

皂荚Gleditsia sinensis

皂荚Gleditsia sinensis
(责任编辑:徐晔春)

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