山皂荚Gleditsia japonica

中文名(Chinese Name):山皂荚
学名(Scientific Name): Gleditsia japonica Miq.
英文名(English Common Name):
别名(Chinese Common Name):日本皂荚,山皂角
异名(Synonym):Caesalpiniodes japonicum (Miq.) Kuntze  Gleditsia koraiensis Nakai ex T. Mori  Gleditsia coccinea Koehne  Gleditsia japonica var. purpurea Rehder  Gleditsia japonica f. inermis Mayr  Gleditsia horrida var. typica C. K. Schneid.  Gleditsia japonica var. inermis Nakai  Gleditsia horrida var. inermis (Mayr) Nakai  Gleditsia japonica f. inarmata Nakai  Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis Nakai
科属(Family & Genus):云实科,Caesalpiniaceae皂荚属
形态特征(Description):落叶乔木或小乔木,高达25米;小枝紫褐色或脱皮后呈灰绿色,微有棱,具分散的白色皮孔,光滑无毛;刺略扁,粗壮,紫褐色至棕黑色,常分枝,长2-15.5厘米。叶为一回或二回羽状复叶(具羽片2-6对),长11-25厘米;小叶3-10对,纸质至厚纸质,卵状长圆形或卵状披针形至长圆形,长2-7(9)厘米,宽1-3(4)厘米(二回羽状复叶的小叶显著小于一回羽状复叶的小叶),先端圆钝,有时微凹,基部阔楔形或圆形,微偏斜,全缘或具波状疏圆齿,上面被短柔毛或无毛,微粗糙,有时有光泽,下面基部及中脉被微柔毛,老时毛脱落;网脉不明显;小叶柄极短。花黄绿色,组成穗状花序;花序腋生或顶生,被短柔毛,雄花序长8-20厘米,雌花序长5-16厘米;雄花:直径5-6毫米;花托长1.5毫米,深棕色,外面密被褐色短柔毛;萼片3-4,三角状披针形,长约2毫米,两面均被柔毛;花瓣4,椭圆形,长约2毫米,被柔毛;雄蕊6-8(9);雌花:直径5-6毫米;花托长约2毫米;萼片和花瓣均为4-5形状与雄花的相似,长约3毫米,两面密被柔毛;不育雄蕊4-8;子房无毛,花柱短,下弯,柱头膨大,2裂;胚珠多数。荚果带形,扁平,长20-35厘米,宽2-4厘米,不规则旋扭或弯曲作镰刀状,先端具长5-15毫米的喙,果颈长1.5-3.5 (5)厘米,果瓣革质,棕色或棕黑色,常具泡状隆起,无毛,有光泽;种子多数,椭圆形,长9-10毫米,宽5-7毫米,深棕色,光滑。花期4-6月;果期6-11月。
分布(Distribution):产辽宁、河北、山东、河南、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、湖南。生于向阳山坡或谷地、溪边路旁,海拔100-1000米。常见栽培。日本、朝鲜也有分布。
用途(Use):本种荚果含皂素,可代肥皂用以洗涤,并可作染料,种子入药,嫩叶可食;木材坚实,心材带粉红色,色泽美丽,纹理粗,可作建筑、器具、支柱等用材。
引自植物志英文版:FOC Vol. 10 Page 36, 37, 38
Gleditsia japonica Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi. 3: 54. 1867.
山皂荚 shan zao jia| Fabaceae  | Gleditsia
Trees or small trees, to 25 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown or grayish green when bark falls off, slightly ribbed, with scattered whitish lenticels, smooth and glabrous. Spines pur­plish brown to brownish black, slightly flat, robust, 2-15.5 cm, often branched. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate (pinnae 2-6 pairs), 11-25 cm; petiolules very short; leaflets 3-10 pairs, adaxially sometimes shiny, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 2-7(-9) × 1-3(-4) cm (leaflets of bipinnate leaves obviously smaller), papery to thickly papery, abaxially puberulent on mid­vein and at base, glabrescent when old, adaxially puberulent or glabrous, slightly scabrous, reticulate veinlets obscure, base broadly cuneate or rounded, slightly oblique, margin entire or repand-crenate, apex rounded, sometimes emarginate. Flowers yellowish green, in axillary or terminal, puberulent spikes. Male inflorescence 8-20 cm; female inflorescence 5-16 cm. Male flowers: 5-6 mm in diam.; receptacle deep brown, ca. 1.5 mm, outside densely brown puberulent; sepals 3 or 4, triangular-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, both surfaces pubescent; petals 4, elliptic, ca. 2 mm, pubescent; stamens 6-8(or 9). Female flowers: 5-8(-9) mm in diam.; receptacle ca. 2 mm; sepals and petals 4 or 5, similar to those of male flowers in shape, ca. 3 mm, both surfaces densely pubescent; staminodes 4-8; ovary glabrous; ovules numerous; style short, incurved; stigma inflated, 2-lobed. Legume brown or brownish black, compressed, strap-shaped, 20-54 × 2-7 cm, irregularly twisted or falcate, apex with beak 5-15 mm; stipe 1.5-3.5(-5) cm; valves leathery, often bullate, glabrous or velutinous, shiny. Seeds numerous, deep brown, elliptic, 9-10 × 5-7 mm, smooth. 2n = 28*.
Sunny slopes, valleys, streamsides, near roads, forests; 100-2500 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
山皂荚Gleditsia japonica(责任编辑:徐晔春)

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