乌桕Triadica sebifera
中文名（Chinese Name）：乌桕
学名（Scientific Name）：Triadica sebifera (L.) Small
英文名（English Common Name）：Chinese tallow
别名（Chinese Common Name）：腊子树、木子树
异名（Synonym）：Sapium sebiferum (Linn.) Roxb. Excoecaria sebifera Müll. Arg. Stillingia sebifera (L.) Michx. Triadica sinensis Lour. Croton sebiferum L. Stillingia sinensis (Lour.) Baill. Triadica chinensis Spreng. Sapium sebiferum var. cordatum S.Y.Wang Sapium sebiferum var. dabeshanense B.C.Ding & T.B.Chao Sapium sebiferum var. multiracemosum B.C.Ding & T.B.Chao Sapium sebiferum var. pendulum B.C.Ding & T.B.Chao Carumbium sebiferum (L.) Kurz Seborium chinense Raf. Seborium sebiferum (L.) Hurus. Stillingfleetia sebifera (L.) Bojer Croton sebifer L.
科属（Family & Genus）：大戟科（Euphorbiaceae）乌桕属
形态特征（Description）：乔木，高可达15米许，各部均无毛而具乳状汁液；树皮暗灰色，有纵裂纹；枝广展，具皮孔。叶互生，纸质，叶片菱形、菱状卵形或稀有菱状倒卵形，长3-8厘米，宽3-9厘米，顶端骤然紧缩具长短不等的尖头，基部阔楔形或钝，全缘；中脉两面微凸起，侧脉6-10对，纤细，斜上升，离缘2-5毫米弯拱网结，网状脉明显；叶柄纤细，长2.5-6厘米，顶端具2腺体；托叶顶端钝，长约1毫米。花单性，雌雄同株，聚集成顶生、长6-12厘米的总状花序，雌花通常生于花序轴最下部或罕有在雌花下部亦有少数雄花着生，雄花生于花序轴上部或有时整个花序全为雄花。雄花：花梗纤细，长1-3毫米，向上渐粗；苞片阔卵形，长和宽近相等约2毫米，顶端略尖，基部两侧各具一近肾形的腺体，每一苞片内具10-15朵花；小苞片3，不等大，边缘撕裂状；花萼杯状，3浅裂，裂片钝，具不规则的细齿；雄蕊2枚，罕有3枚，伸出于花萼之外，花丝分离，与球状花药近等长。雌花；花梗粗壮，长3-3.5毫米；苞片深3裂，裂片渐尖，基部两侧的腺体与雄花的相同，每一苞片内仅1朵雌花，间有1雌花和数雄花同聚生于苞腋内；花萼3深裂，裂片卵形至卵头披针形，顶端短尖至渐尖；子房卵球形，平滑，3室，花柱3，基部合生，柱头外卷。蒴果梨状球形，成熟时黑色，直径1-1.5厘米。具3种子，分果爿脱落后而中轴宿存；种子扁球形，黑色，长约8毫米，宽6-7毫米，外被白色、蜡质的假种皮。花期4-8月。
分布（Distribution）：主要分布于黄河以南各省区，北达陕西、甘肃。生于旷野、塘边或疏林中。日本、越南、印度也有。
用途（Use）：木材白色，坚硬，纹理细致，用途广。叶为黑色染料，可染衣物。根皮治毒蛇咬伤。白色之蜡质层（假种皮）溶解后可制肥皂、蜡烛；种子油适于涂料，可涂油纸、油伞等。
引自中国植物志英文版FOC Vol. 11 Page 284, 285
Triadica sebifera (Linnaeus) Small, Florida Trees. 59. 1913.
乌桕 wu jiu | Euphorbiaceae | Triadica
Croton sebifer Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1004. 1753 ["sebiferum"]; Excoecaria sebifera (Linnaeus) Müller Argoviensis; Sapium chihsinianum S. K. Lee; S. discolor (Champion ex Bentham) Müller Argoviensis var. wenhsienense S. B. Ho; S. pleiocarpum Y. C. Tseng; S. sebiferum (Linnaeus) Roxburgh; S. sebiferum var. cordatum S. Y. Wang; S. sebiferum var. dabeshense B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao; S. sebiferum var. multiracemosum B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao; S. sebiferum var. pendulum B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao; Triadica sinensis Loureiro.
Trees to 15 m tall, monoecious, glabrous; bark dark green, with longitudinal stripes, pale brownish when older; branchlets spreading, lenticellate. Leaves alternate; stipules 1-1.5 mm; petiole 2.5-6 cm, 2-glandular at apex; leaf blade rhomboid, rhomboid-ovate, broadly ovate, or rarely rhomboid-obovate, 3-13 × 3-9 cm, papery, base broadly rounded, truncate, or sometimes shallowly cordate, margin entire, apex acutely acuminate; midrib slightly elevated on both surfaces, lateral veins 6-12. Flowers yellowish green in terminal 3-35 cm racemes, female in lower part, male in upper part or male throughout. Male flowers 10-15 per bract; bracts broadly ovate, 1.5-2 × 1.5-2 mm, basal glands nearly reniform; pedicels slender, 1-4 mm; bracteoles 3, unequal, margins lacerate; calyx cup-shaped, shallowly 3-lobed, lobes obtuse, irregularly serrulate; stamens 2 or 3, exceeding calyx; filaments free, nearly as long as globose anthers. Female flowers 1 per bract, sometimes with several additional male flowers; bracts 3-partite, lobes acuminate, glands as in male; pedicels stout, 2-5 mm; bracteoles as in male flowers; calyx 3-partite, lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate; ovary ovoid-globose, smooth, 3-celled; styles 3, connate at base; stigma revolute. Infructescences up to 28 cm; capsules subglobose to pyriform-globose, black when mature, 11-13 mm in diam., 3-seeded; cocci deciduous; columella persistent. Seeds oblate, ca. 8 × 6-7 mm, black, covered with white, waxy aril. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Aug-Dec. 2n = 44.
Wilds of the Huang He valley, forests on limestone, widely cultivated; below 100 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vietnam; cultivated in Africa, America, Europe, India].
The pressed seeds of Triadica sebifera are a source of fat, used for candles and soap. The bark and the seed oil contain a poisonous alkaloid. Its roots are used as a medicine to detoxify snakebites. The leaves are used in making a dark dye.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Triadica sebifera (L.) Small
英文名（English Common Name）：Chinese tallow
别名（Chinese Common Name）：腊子树、木子树
异名（Synonym）：Sapium sebiferum (Linn.) Roxb. Excoecaria sebifera Müll. Arg. Stillingia sebifera (L.) Michx. Triadica sinensis Lour. Croton sebiferum L. Stillingia sinensis (Lour.) Baill. Triadica chinensis Spreng. Sapium sebiferum var. cordatum S.Y.Wang Sapium sebiferum var. dabeshanense B.C.Ding & T.B.Chao Sapium sebiferum var. multiracemosum B.C.Ding & T.B.Chao Sapium sebiferum var. pendulum B.C.Ding & T.B.Chao Carumbium sebiferum (L.) Kurz Seborium chinense Raf. Seborium sebiferum (L.) Hurus. Stillingfleetia sebifera (L.) Bojer Croton sebifer L.
科属（Family & Genus）：大戟科（Euphorbiaceae）乌桕属
形态特征（Description）：乔木，高可达15米许，各部均无毛而具乳状汁液；树皮暗灰色，有纵裂纹；枝广展，具皮孔。叶互生，纸质，叶片菱形、菱状卵形或稀有菱状倒卵形，长3-8厘米，宽3-9厘米，顶端骤然紧缩具长短不等的尖头，基部阔楔形或钝，全缘；中脉两面微凸起，侧脉6-10对，纤细，斜上升，离缘2-5毫米弯拱网结，网状脉明显；叶柄纤细，长2.5-6厘米，顶端具2腺体；托叶顶端钝，长约1毫米。花单性，雌雄同株，聚集成顶生、长6-12厘米的总状花序，雌花通常生于花序轴最下部或罕有在雌花下部亦有少数雄花着生，雄花生于花序轴上部或有时整个花序全为雄花。雄花：花梗纤细，长1-3毫米，向上渐粗；苞片阔卵形，长和宽近相等约2毫米，顶端略尖，基部两侧各具一近肾形的腺体，每一苞片内具10-15朵花；小苞片3，不等大，边缘撕裂状；花萼杯状，3浅裂，裂片钝，具不规则的细齿；雄蕊2枚，罕有3枚，伸出于花萼之外，花丝分离，与球状花药近等长。雌花；花梗粗壮，长3-3.5毫米；苞片深3裂，裂片渐尖，基部两侧的腺体与雄花的相同，每一苞片内仅1朵雌花，间有1雌花和数雄花同聚生于苞腋内；花萼3深裂，裂片卵形至卵头披针形，顶端短尖至渐尖；子房卵球形，平滑，3室，花柱3，基部合生，柱头外卷。蒴果梨状球形，成熟时黑色，直径1-1.5厘米。具3种子，分果爿脱落后而中轴宿存；种子扁球形，黑色，长约8毫米，宽6-7毫米，外被白色、蜡质的假种皮。花期4-8月。
分布（Distribution）：主要分布于黄河以南各省区，北达陕西、甘肃。生于旷野、塘边或疏林中。日本、越南、印度也有。
用途（Use）：木材白色，坚硬，纹理细致，用途广。叶为黑色染料，可染衣物。根皮治毒蛇咬伤。白色之蜡质层（假种皮）溶解后可制肥皂、蜡烛；种子油适于涂料，可涂油纸、油伞等。
引自中国植物志英文版FOC Vol. 11 Page 284, 285
Triadica sebifera (Linnaeus) Small, Florida Trees. 59. 1913.
乌桕 wu jiu | Euphorbiaceae | Triadica
Croton sebifer Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1004. 1753 ["sebiferum"]; Excoecaria sebifera (Linnaeus) Müller Argoviensis; Sapium chihsinianum S. K. Lee; S. discolor (Champion ex Bentham) Müller Argoviensis var. wenhsienense S. B. Ho; S. pleiocarpum Y. C. Tseng; S. sebiferum (Linnaeus) Roxburgh; S. sebiferum var. cordatum S. Y. Wang; S. sebiferum var. dabeshense B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao; S. sebiferum var. multiracemosum B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao; S. sebiferum var. pendulum B. C. Ding & T. B. Chao; Triadica sinensis Loureiro.
Trees to 15 m tall, monoecious, glabrous; bark dark green, with longitudinal stripes, pale brownish when older; branchlets spreading, lenticellate. Leaves alternate; stipules 1-1.5 mm; petiole 2.5-6 cm, 2-glandular at apex; leaf blade rhomboid, rhomboid-ovate, broadly ovate, or rarely rhomboid-obovate, 3-13 × 3-9 cm, papery, base broadly rounded, truncate, or sometimes shallowly cordate, margin entire, apex acutely acuminate; midrib slightly elevated on both surfaces, lateral veins 6-12. Flowers yellowish green in terminal 3-35 cm racemes, female in lower part, male in upper part or male throughout. Male flowers 10-15 per bract; bracts broadly ovate, 1.5-2 × 1.5-2 mm, basal glands nearly reniform; pedicels slender, 1-4 mm; bracteoles 3, unequal, margins lacerate; calyx cup-shaped, shallowly 3-lobed, lobes obtuse, irregularly serrulate; stamens 2 or 3, exceeding calyx; filaments free, nearly as long as globose anthers. Female flowers 1 per bract, sometimes with several additional male flowers; bracts 3-partite, lobes acuminate, glands as in male; pedicels stout, 2-5 mm; bracteoles as in male flowers; calyx 3-partite, lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate; ovary ovoid-globose, smooth, 3-celled; styles 3, connate at base; stigma revolute. Infructescences up to 28 cm; capsules subglobose to pyriform-globose, black when mature, 11-13 mm in diam., 3-seeded; cocci deciduous; columella persistent. Seeds oblate, ca. 8 × 6-7 mm, black, covered with white, waxy aril. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Aug-Dec. 2n = 44.
Wilds of the Huang He valley, forests on limestone, widely cultivated; below 100 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vietnam; cultivated in Africa, America, Europe, India].
The pressed seeds of Triadica sebifera are a source of fat, used for candles and soap. The bark and the seed oil contain a poisonous alkaloid. Its roots are used as a medicine to detoxify snakebites. The leaves are used in making a dark dye.
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